{"ymdb_id":"YMDB00372","created_at":"2011-05-29T18:10:33.000Z","updated_at":"2016-09-08T18:35:24.000Z","name":"Superoxide","cas":"11062-77-4","state":"Solid","melting_point":"","description":"The superoxide ion (O2−) is a free radical. It is important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen O2, which occurs widely in nature. Because superoxide is toxic, nearly all organisms living in the presence of oxygen contain isoforms of the superoxide scavenging enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD). Yeast lacking both mitochondrial and cytosolic SOD grow very poorly in air, but quite well under anaerobic conditions. Absence of cytosolic SOD causes a dramatic increase in mutagenesis and genomic instability.","experimental_water_solubility":"","experimental_logp_hydrophobicity":"","location":null,"synthesis_reference":null,"chebi_id":"18421","hmdb_id":"HMDB02168","kegg_id":"C00704","pubchem_id":"5359597","cs_id":"4514331","foodb_id":null,"wikipedia_link":"Superoxide","biocyc_id":"SUPER-OXIDE","iupac":"oxidanidyloxidanyl","traditional_iupac":"superoxide","logp":"-0.3622170719999999","pka":null,"alogps_solubility":null,"alogps_logp":null,"alogps_logs":null,"acceptor_count":"2","donor_count":"0","rotatable_bond_count":"0","polar_surface_area":"23.06","refractivity":"2.8858","polarizability":"1.6723109476406521","formal_charge":"-1","physiological_charge":"-1","pka_strongest_basic":"-6.821802649212423","pka_strongest_acidic":"5.802463079075391","bioavailability":"1","number_of_rings":"0","rule_of_five":"1","ghose_filter":"0","veber_rule":"1","mddr_like_rule":"0","synonyms":["dioxidanidyl","dioxide(1-)","Hyperoxid","Superoxide","Superoxide anion","superoxide radical","Superoxide radical anion"],"pathways":[],"growth_conditions":[],"references":[{"pubmed_id":21051339,"citation":"UniProt Consortium (2011). \"Ongoing and future developments at the Universal Protein Resource.\" Nucleic Acids Res 39:D214-D219."},{"pubmed_id":21062828,"citation":"Scheer, M., Grote, A., Chang, A., Schomburg, I., Munaretto, C., Rother, M., Sohngen, C., Stelzer, M., Thiele, J., Schomburg, D. (2011). \"BRENDA, the enzyme information system in 2011.\" Nucleic Acids Res 39:D670-D676."}],"proteins":[{"created_at":"2011-05-27T07:08:16.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-29T05:06:45.000Z","name":"Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]","uniprot_id":"P00445","uniprot_name":"SODC_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"SOD1","num_residues":154,"molecular_weight":"15854.59961","theoretical_pi":"5.91","general_function":"Involved in metal ion binding","specific_function":"Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems","reactions":[{"id":2801,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Mitochondrion matrix;Cytoplasm. Mitochondrion intermembrane space.","altext":"2 superoxide + 2 H(+) = O(2) + H(2)O(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":"1F1G","cellular_location":"Cytoplasm. Mitochondrion intermembrane space.","genbank_gene_id":"AY558073","genbank_protein_id":"45270036","gene_card_id":"SOD1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 10","locus":"YJR104C","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["1.15.1.1"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" cation binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" metal ion binding"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxidation reduction"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" superoxide metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular metabolic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Sod_Cu","identifier":"PF00080"}],"pathways":[],"gene_sequence":"ATGGTTCAAGCAGTCGCAGTGTTAAAGGGTGATGCCGGTGTCTCTGGTGTTGTCAAGTTCGAACAGGCTTCCGAATCCGAGCCAACCACTGTCTCTTACGAGATCGCTGGTAACAGTCCTAACGCAGAACGTGGGTTCCACATTCATGAGTTTGGAGATGCCACCAATGGTTGTGTCTCTGCTGGTCCTCACTTCAATCCTTTCAAGAAGACACATGGTGCTCCAACTGACGAAGTCAGACATGTCGGTGACATGGGTAACGTAAAGACGGACGAAAATGGTGTGGCCAAGGGCTCCTTCAAGGACTCTTTGATCAAGCTTATCGGTCCTACCTCCGTTGTAGGCAGAAGCGTCGTTATCCACGCCGGCCAAGATGACTTAGGTAAGGGTGACACTGAAGAATCTTTGAAGACTGGTAATGCCGGTCCAAGACCAGCCTGTGGTGTCATTGGTCTAACCAACTAA","protein_sequence":"MVQAVAVLKGDAGVSGVVKFEQASESEPTTVSYEIAGNSPNAERGFHIHEFGDATNGCVSAGPHFNPFKKTHGAPTDEVRHVGDMGNVKTDENGVAKGSFKDSLIKLIGPTSVVGRSVVIHAGQDDLGKGDTEESLKTGNAGPRPACGVIGLTN"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T07:09:13.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-29T05:06:45.000Z","name":"Superoxide dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial","uniprot_id":"P00447","uniprot_name":"SODM_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"SOD2","num_residues":233,"molecular_weight":"25774.09961","theoretical_pi":"8.87","general_function":"Involved in superoxide dismutase activity","specific_function":"Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems","reactions":[{"id":2801,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Mitochondrion matrix;Cytoplasm. Mitochondrion intermembrane space.","altext":"2 superoxide + 2 H(+) = O(2) + H(2)O(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Mitochondrion matrix","genbank_gene_id":"AY557821","genbank_protein_id":"45269533","gene_card_id":"SOD2","chromosome_location":"chromosome 8","locus":"YHR008C","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["1.15.1.1"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" antioxidant activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" superoxide dismutase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" cation binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" metal ion binding"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxidation reduction"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" superoxide metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular metabolic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Sod_Fe_C","identifier":"PF02777"},{"name":"Sod_Fe_N","identifier":"PF00081"}],"pathways":[],"gene_sequence":"ATGTTCGCGAAAACAGCAGCTGCTAATTTAACCAAGAAGGGTGGTTTGTCATTGCTCTCCACCACAGCAAGGAGAACCAAAGTCACCTTGCCAGACTTGAAGTGGGACTTCGGTGCATTGGAACCTTATATCTCCGGTCAAATCAACGAATTGCATTACACCAAGCACCATCAAACTTATGTGAACGGATTCAACACTGCTGTTGACCAATTCCAAGAACTCTCAGATCTTCTGGCCAAGGAGCCCTCTCCCGCAAACGCAAGAAAAATGATTGCTATCCAACAAAACATCAAGTTCCATGGCGGTGGTTTCACAAACCACTGTCTATTCTGGGAAAACCTGGCTCCAGAGTCGCAGGGCGGTGGTGAACCACCCACCGGCGCTTTGGCAAAGGCAATCGACGAGCAGTTTGGCAGTCTGGACGAGCTGATTAAGTTGACCAACACAAAGCTAGCAGGCGTGCAGGGCTCCGGATGGGCCTTCATTGTGAAAAACCTCTCTAATGGAGGCAAGCTGGACGTTGTTCAAACCTACAACCAGGATACCGTCACAGGCCCACTAGTTCCTCTAGTTGCCATTGACGCCTGGGAACACGCCTACTACTTGCAGTACCAAAACAAGAAAGCCGACTACTTCAAAGCCATTTGGAATGTGGTCAACTGGAAAGAAGCATCCAGAAGATTCGATGCTGGCAAGATCTGA","protein_sequence":"MFAKTAAANLTKKGGLSLLSTTARRTKVTLPDLKWDFGALEPYISGQINELHYTKHHQTYVNGFNTAVDQFQELSDLLAKEPSPANARKMIAIQQNIKFHGGGFTNHCLFWENLAPESQGGGEPPTGALAKAIDEQFGSLDELIKLTNTKLAGVQGSGWAFIVKNLSNGGKLDVVQTYNQDTVTGPLVPLVAIDAWEHAYYLQYQNKKADYFKAIWNVVNWKEASRRFDAGKI"}]}