{"ymdb_id":"YMDB00367","created_at":"2011-05-29T18:10:12.000Z","updated_at":"2016-09-08T18:35:24.000Z","name":"Diacetyl","cas":"431-03-8","state":"Liquid","melting_point":"-2.4 oC","description":"Diacetyl is a natural by-product of secondary or malolactic fermentation. It is the carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods. It is responsible for bread-like aromas and the buttery taste in wine and beer. Some wine makers deliberately promote the production of diacetyl because of the feel and flavors it imparts.","experimental_water_solubility":"200 mg/mL at 15 oC [YALKOWSKY,SH \u0026 HE,Y (2003)]","experimental_logp_hydrophobicity":"-1.34 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)]","location":null,"synthesis_reference":"Xu, Ping; Chen, Hong; Du, Yi; Chen, Wanqiu; Xiao, Zijun.  Method of preparation diacetyl by oxidization.    Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu  (2005),     6 pp.","chebi_id":"16583","hmdb_id":"HMDB03407","kegg_id":"C00741","pubchem_id":"650","cs_id":"630","foodb_id":null,"wikipedia_link":"Diacetyl","biocyc_id":"NN-DIACETYLCHITOBIOSYLDIPHOSPHODOLICHO","iupac":"butane-2,3-dione","traditional_iupac":"diacetyl","logp":"0.395499476","pka":null,"alogps_solubility":"1.29e+02 g/l","alogps_logp":"0.07","alogps_logs":"0.18","acceptor_count":"2","donor_count":"0","rotatable_bond_count":"1","polar_surface_area":"34.14","refractivity":"21.540799999999997","polarizability":"8.405861009274131","formal_charge":"0","physiological_charge":"0","pka_strongest_basic":"-8.291888420513711","pka_strongest_acidic":"15.977073020291165","bioavailability":"1","number_of_rings":"0","rule_of_five":"1","ghose_filter":"0","veber_rule":"1","mddr_like_rule":"0","synonyms":["2,3-Butadione","2,3-Butandione","2,3-Butanedione","2,3-Diketobutane","2,3-Dioxobutane","Acetoacetaldehyde","Biacetyl","Butadione","Butan-2,3-dione","Butane-2,3-dione","Butanedione","Butanedione [UN2346]","Diacetyl","Dimethyl diketone","Dimethyl glyoxal","Dimethylglyoxal"],"pathways":[{"name":"Butanoate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00650"}],"growth_conditions":[],"references":[{"pubmed_id":21051339,"citation":"UniProt Consortium (2011). \"Ongoing and future developments at the Universal Protein Resource.\" Nucleic Acids Res 39:D214-D219."},{"pubmed_id":21062828,"citation":"Scheer, M., Grote, A., Chang, A., Schomburg, I., Munaretto, C., Rother, M., Sohngen, C., Stelzer, M., Thiele, J., Schomburg, D. (2011). \"BRENDA, the enzyme information system in 2011.\" Nucleic Acids Res 39:D670-D676."}],"proteins":[{"created_at":"2011-05-27T01:43:51.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-29T05:06:34.000Z","name":"Probable diacetyl reductase [(R)-acetoin forming] 2","uniprot_id":"P39713","uniprot_name":"BDH2_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"BDH2","num_residues":417,"molecular_weight":"46098.19922","theoretical_pi":"6.03","general_function":"Involved in zinc ion binding","specific_function":"Catalyzes the irreversible reduction of 2,3-butanediol to (S)-acetoin in the presence of NADH (Potential)","reactions":[{"id":2640,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus","altext":"(R)-acetoin + NAD(+) = diacetyl + NADH.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus","genbank_gene_id":"AY692730","genbank_protein_id":"51012911","gene_card_id":"BDH2","chromosome_location":"chromosome 1","locus":"YAL061W","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["1.1.1.303"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" transition metal ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" zinc ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" cation binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" metal ion binding"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxidation reduction"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"ADH_N","identifier":"PF08240"},{"name":"ADH_zinc_N","identifier":"PF00107"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Butanoate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00650"}],"gene_sequence":"ATGAGAGCCTTAGCGTATTTCGGTAAAGGTAACATCAGATTCACCAACCATTTAAAGGAGCCACATATTGTGGCGCCCGATGAGCTTGTGATTGATATCGAATGGTGTGGTATTTGCGGTACGGACCTGCATGAGTACACAGATGGTCCTATCTTTTTCCCAGAAGATGGACACACACATGAGATTAGTCATAACCCATTGCCACAGGCGATGGGCCACGAAATGGCTGGTACCGTTTTGGAGGTGGGCCCTGGTGTGAAAAACTTGAAAGTGGGAGACAAGGTAGTTGTCGAGCCCACAGGTACATGCAGAGACCGGTATCGTTGGCCCCTGTCGCCAAACGTTGACAAGGAATGGTGCGCTGCTTGCAAAAAGGGCTACTATAACATTTGTTCATATTTGGGGCTTTGTGGTGCGGGTGTGCAGAGCGGTGGATTTGCAGAACGTGTTGTGATGAACGAATCTCACTGCTACAAAGTACCGGACTTCGTGCCCTTAGACGTTGCAGCTTTGATTCAACCGTTGGCTGTGTGCTGGCATGCAATTAGAGTCTGCGAGTTCAAAGCAGGCTCTACGGCTTTGATCATTGGTGCTGGCCCCATCGGACTGGGCACGATACTGGCGTTGAACGCTGCAGGTTGCAAGGACATCGTCGTTTCAGAGCCTGCCAAGGTAAGAAGAGAACTGGCTGAAAAAATGGGTGCCAGGGTTTACGACCCAACTGCGCACGCTGCCAAGGAGAGCATTGATTATCTGAGGTCGATTGCTGATGGTGGAGACGGCTTCGATTACACATTTGATTGCTCCGGGTTGGAAGTCACATTGAATGCTGCTATTCAGTGTCTCACTTTCAGAGGCACCGCAGTGAACTTGGCCATGTGGGGCCATCACAAGATACAGTTTTCTCCGATGGACATCACATTGCATGAAAGAAAGTACACAGGGTCCATGTGCTACACACACCACGATTTTGAGGCAGTAATAGAAGCTTTGGAAGAAGGCAGGATTGACATTGATAGAGCAAGACATATGATAACGGGCAGAGTCAACATTGAGGACGGCCTTGATGGCGCCATCATGAAGCTGATAAACGAGAAGGAGTCTACAATCAAGATTATTCTGACTCCAAACAATCACGGAGAGTTGAACAGGGAAGCCGATAATGAGAAGAAAGAAATTTCCGAGCTGAGCAGTCGGAAAGATCAAGAAAGACTACGAGAATCAATAAACGAGGCTAAACTGCGTCACACATGA","protein_sequence":"MRALAYFGKGNIRFTNHLKEPHIVAPDELVIDIEWCGICGTDLHEYTDGPIFFPEDGHTHEISHNPLPQAMGHEMAGTVLEVGPGVKNLKVGDKVVVEPTGTCRDRYRWPLSPNVDKEWCAACKKGYYNICSYLGLCGAGVQSGGFAERVVMNESHCYKVPDFVPLDVAALIQPLAVCWHAIRVCEFKAGSTALIIGAGPIGLGTILALNAAGCKDIVVSEPAKVRRELAEKMGARVYDPTAHAAKESIDYLRSIADGGDGFDYTFDCSGLEVTLNAAIQCLTFRGTAVNLAMWGHHKIQFSPMDITLHERKYTGSMCYTHHDFEAVIEALEEGRIDIDRARHMITGRVNIEDGLDGAIMKLINEKESTIKIILTPNNHGELNREADNEKKEISELSSRKDQERLRESINEAKLRHT"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T01:46:39.000Z","updated_at":"2011-07-22T17:53:39.000Z","name":"Diacetyl reductase [(R)-acetoin forming]","uniprot_id":"P39714","uniprot_name":"BDH1_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"BDH1","num_residues":382,"molecular_weight":"41537.69922","theoretical_pi":"6.65","general_function":"Involved in zinc ion binding","specific_function":"Catalyzes the irreversible reduction of 2,3-butanediol to (S)-acetoin in the presence of NADH","reactions":[{"id":1126,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2640,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus","altext":"(R)-acetoin + NAD(+) = diacetyl + NADH.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":null,"genbank_gene_id":"U12980","genbank_protein_id":"595526","gene_card_id":"BDH1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 1","locus":"YAL060W","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["1.1.1.303"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" transition metal ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" zinc ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" cation binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" metal ion binding"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxidation reduction"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"ADH_N","identifier":"PF08240"},{"name":"ADH_zinc_N","identifier":"PF00107"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Butanoate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00650"}],"gene_sequence":"ATGAGAGCTTTGGCATATTTCAAGAAGGGTGATATTCACTTCACTAATGATATCCCTAGGCCAGAAATCCAAACCGACGATGAGGTTATTATCGACGTCTCTTGGTGTGGGATTTGTGGCTCGGATCTTCACGAGTACTTGGATGGTCCAATCTTCATGCCTAAAGATGGAGAGTGCCATAAATTATCCAACGCTGCTTTACCTCTGGCAATGGGCCATGAGATGTCAGGAATTGTTTCCAAGGTTGGTCCTAAAGTGACAAAGGTGAAGGTTGGCGACCACGTGGTCGTTGATGCTGCCAGCAGTTGTGCGGACCTGCATTGCTGGCCACACTCCAAATTTTACAATTCCAAACCATGTGATGCTTGTCAGAGGGGCAGTGAAAATCTATGTACCCACGCCGGTTTTGTAGGACTAGGTGTGATCAGTGGTGGCTTTGCTGAACAAGTCGTAGTCTCTCAACATCACATTATCCCGGTTCCAAAGGAAATTCCTCTAGATGTGGCTGCTTTAGTTGAGCCTCTTTCTGTCACCTGGCATGCTGTTAAGATTTCTGGTTTCAAAAAAGGCAGTTCAGCCTTGGTTCTTGGTGCAGGTCCCATTGGGTTGTGTACCATTTTGGTACTTAAGGGAATGGGGGCTAGTAAAATTGTAGTGTCTGAAATTGCAGAGAGAAGAATAGAAATGGCCAAGAAACTGGGCGTTGAGGTGTTCAATCCCTCCAAGCACGGTCATAAATCTATAGAGATACTACGTGGTTTGACCAAGAGCCATGATGGGTTTGATTACAGTTATGATTGTTCTGGTATTCAAGTTACTTTCGAAACCTCTTTGAAGGCATTAACATTCAAGGGGACAGCCACCAACATTGCAGTTTGGGGTCCAAAACCTGTCCCATTCCAACCAATGGATGTGACTCTCCAAGAGAAAGTTATGACTGGTTCGATCGGCTATGTTGTCGAAGCCTTCGAAGAAGTTGTTCGTGCCATCCACAACGGAGACATCGCCATGGAAGATTGTAAGCAACTAATCACTGGTAAGCAAAGGATTGAGGACGGTTGGGAAAAGGGATTCCAAGAGTTGATGGATCACAAGGAATCCAACGTTAAGATTCTATTGACGCCTAACAATCACGGTGAAATGAAGTAA","protein_sequence":"MRALAYFKKGDIHFTNDIPRPEIQTDDEVIIDVSWCGICGSDLHEYLDGPIFMPKDGECHKLSNAALPLAMGHEMSGIVSKVGPKVTKVKVGDHVVVDAASSCADLHCWPHSKFYNSKPCDACQRGSENLCTHAGFVGLGVISGGFAEQVVVSQHHIIPVPKEIPLDVAALVEPLSVTWHAVKISGFKKGSSALVLGAGPIGLCTILVLKGMGASKIVVSEIAERRIEMAKKLGVEVFNPSKHGHKSIEILRGLTKSHDGFDYSYDCSGIQVTFETSLKALTFKGTATNIAVWGPKPVPFQPMDVTLQEKVMTGSIGYVVEAFEEVVRAIHNGDIAMEDCKQLITGKQRIEDGWEKGFQELMDHKESNVKILLTPNNHGEMK"}]}