{"ymdb_id":"YMDB00280","created_at":"2011-05-29T18:01:38.000Z","updated_at":"2016-10-18T17:11:24.000Z","name":"(S)-Malic acid","cas":"97-67-6","state":"Solid","melting_point":"107 oC","description":"Malic acid is a carboxylic diacid found mostly in unripe fruits. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D- enantiomers), though only the L- isomer exists naturally. The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malates. The malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Malic acid produces the green apple taste/aroma for wines.","experimental_water_solubility":null,"experimental_logp_hydrophobicity":null,"location":null,"synthesis_reference":"McKenzie, Alex.; Plenderleith, H. J.; Walker, Nellie. Optical activation of racemic acid by d-malic acid. Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions (1923), 123 2875-80.","chebi_id":"30797","hmdb_id":"HMDB00156","kegg_id":"C00149","pubchem_id":"222656","cs_id":"193317","foodb_id":null,"wikipedia_link":"Malic_acid","biocyc_id":"MAL","iupac":"(2S)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid","traditional_iupac":"(-)-malic acid","logp":"-1.1136414279999998","pka":"5.127730317344291","alogps_solubility":"2.18e+02 g/l","alogps_logp":"-0.87","alogps_logs":"0.21","acceptor_count":"5","donor_count":"3","rotatable_bond_count":"3","polar_surface_area":"94.83","refractivity":"24.8752","polarizability":"10.926274075509982","formal_charge":"0","physiological_charge":"-2","pka_strongest_basic":"-3.913035238851454","pka_strongest_acidic":"3.1983571934669475","bioavailability":"1","number_of_rings":"0","rule_of_five":"1","ghose_filter":"0","veber_rule":"0","mddr_like_rule":"0","synonyms":["(-)-(S)-Malate","(-)-(S)-Malic acid","(-)-Hydroxysuccinate","(-)-Hydroxysuccinic acid","(-)-L-Malic acid","(-)-Malic acid","(2S)-2-Hydroxybutanedioate","(2S)-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid","(S)-(-)-Hydroxysuccinate","(S)-(-)-Hydroxysuccinic acid","(S)-hydroxy-Butanedioate","(S)-hydroxy-Butanedioic acid","(S)-Hydroxybutanedioate","(S)-Hydroxybutanedioic acid","(s)-malate","Apple acid","Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, (S)-","L-(-)-Malic acid","l-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid","l-apple acid","L-Hydroxybutanedioate","L-Hydroxybutanedioic acid","L-Hydroxysuccinate","L-Hydroxysuccinic acid","L-Malate","L-malic acid","malate","Malic acid","MLT","S-(-)-Malate","S-(-)-Malic acid","S-2-Hydroxybutanedioate","S-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid"],"pathways":[{"name":"Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)","kegg_map_id":"00020"},{"name":"Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00630"},{"name":"Pyruvate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00620"},{"name":"Methane metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00680"},{"name":"Aspartate metabolism","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Citric Acid Cycle","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Citric Acid Cycle 1434561204","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Glyoxylate cycle","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"TCA Cycle","kegg_map_id":null}],"growth_conditions":[{"growth_media":"YEB media with 0.5 mM glucose","concentration":"2515.0","concentration_units":"\u0026#181;M","error":"126.0"},{"growth_media":"Glucose limited aerobic culture","concentration":"7.3","concentration_units":"umol/g DW","error":"0.0"},{"growth_media":"Synthetic medium ","concentration":"3489.0","concentration_units":"uM","error":"0.0"}],"references":[{"pubmed_id":21051339,"citation":"UniProt Consortium (2011). \"Ongoing and future developments at the Universal Protein Resource.\" Nucleic Acids Res 39:D214-D219."},{"pubmed_id":21062828,"citation":"Scheer, M., Grote, A., Chang, A., Schomburg, I., Munaretto, C., Rother, M., Sohngen, C., Stelzer, M., Thiele, J., Schomburg, D. (2011). \"BRENDA, the enzyme information system in 2011.\" Nucleic Acids Res 39:D670-D676."},{"pubmed_id":18846089,"citation":"Herrgard, M. J., Swainston, N., Dobson, P., Dunn, W. B., Arga, K. Y., Arvas, M., Bluthgen, N., Borger, S., Costenoble, R., Heinemann, M., Hucka, M., Le Novere, N., Li, P., Liebermeister, W., Mo, M. L., Oliveira, A. P., Petranovic, D., Pettifer, S., Simeonidis, E., Smallbone, K., Spasic, I., Weichart, D., Brent, R., Broomhead, D. S., Westerhoff, H. V., Kirdar, B., Penttila, M., Klipp, E., Palsson, B. O., Sauer, U., Oliver, S. G., Mendes, P., Nielsen, J., Kell, D. B. (2008). \"A consensus yeast metabolic network reconstruction obtained from a community approach to systems biology.\" Nat Biotechnol 26:1155-1160."},{"pubmed_id":11092862,"citation":"Luttik, M. A., Kotter, P., Salomons, F. A., van der Klei, I. J., van Dijken, J. P., Pronk, J. T. (2000). \"The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ICL2 gene encodes a mitochondrial 2-methylisocitrate lyase involved in propionyl-coenzyme A metabolism.\" J Bacteriol 182:7007-7013."},{"pubmed_id":17439666,"citation":"Castrillo, J. I., Zeef, L. A., Hoyle, D. C., Zhang, N., Hayes, A., Gardner, D. C., Cornell, M. J., Petty, J., Hakes, L., Wardleworth, L., Rash, B., Brown, M., Dunn, W. B., Broadhurst, D., O'Donoghue, K., Hester, S. S., Dunkley, T. P., Hart, S. R., Swainston, N., Li, P., Gaskell, S. J., Paton, N. W., Lilley, K. S., Kell, D. B., Oliver, S. G. (2007). \"Growth control of the eukaryote cell: a systems biology study in yeast.\" J Biol 6:4."}],"proteins":[{"created_at":"2011-05-24T20:54:41.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-27T15:00:56.000Z","name":"Malate synthase 1, glyoxysomal","uniprot_id":"P30952","uniprot_name":"MASY_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"MLS1","num_residues":554,"molecular_weight":"62790.60156","theoretical_pi":"7.2","general_function":"Involved in catalytic activity","specific_function":"This isozyme is necessary for growth on acetate as sole C-source","reactions":[{"id":1721,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"peroxisome;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2351,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Glyoxysome","altext":"Acetyl-CoA + H(2)O + glyoxylate = (S)-malate + CoA.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":4165,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006463","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Glyoxysome","genbank_gene_id":"EF125216","genbank_protein_id":"125863488","gene_card_id":"MLS1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 14","locus":"YNL117W","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["2.3.3.9"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity, transferring acyl groups"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer"},{"category":"Function","description":" malate synthase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" primary metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" carbohydrate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular carbohydrate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" glyoxylate cycle"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Malate_synthase","identifier":"PF01274"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Pyruvate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00620"},{"name":"Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00630"},{"name":"Glyoxylate cycle","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGGTTAAGGTCAGTTTGGATAACGTCAAATTACTGGTGGATGTTGATAAGGAGCCTTTCTTTAAACCATCTAGTACTACAGTGGGAGATATTCTTACCAAGGATGCTCTAGAGTTCATTGTTCTTTTACACAGAACTTTCAACAACAAGAGAAAACAATTATTGGAAAACAGACAAGTTGTTCAGAAGAAATTAGACTCGGGCTCCTATCATCTGGATTTCCTGCCTGAAACTGCAAATATTAGAAATGATCCCACTTGGCAAGGTCCAATTTTGGCACCGGGGTTAATTAATAGGTCAACGGAAATCACAGGGCCTCCATTGAGAAATATGCTGATCAACGCTTTGAATGCTCCTGTGAACACCTATATGACTGATTTTGAAGATTCAGCTTCACCTACTTGGAACAACATGGTTTACGGTCAAGTTAATCTCTACGACGCGATCAGAAATCAAATCGATTTTGACACACCAAGAAAATCGTACAAATTGAATGGAAATGTGGCCAACTTGCCCACTATTATCGTGAGACCCCGTGGTTGGCACATGGTGGAAAAGCACCTTTATGTAGATGATGAACCAATCAGCGCTTCCATCTTTGATTTTGGTTTATATTTCTACCATAATGCCAAAGAATTAATCAAATTGGGCAAAGGTCCTTACTTCTATTTGCCAAAGATGGAGCACCACTTGGAAGCTAAACTATGGAACGACGTCTTCTGTGTAGCTCAAGATTACATTGGGATCCCAAGGGGTACAATCAGAGCTACTGTGTTGATTGAAACTTTGCCTGCTGCTTTCCAAATGGAAGAGATCATCTATCAATTAAGACAACATTCTAGTGGGTTGAATTGCGGACGTTGGGACTATATTTTCTCTACAATCAAGAGATTAAGAAATGATCCTAATCACATTTTGCCCAATAGAAATCAAGTGACTATGACTTCCCCATTCATGGATGCATACGTGAAAAGATTAATCAATACCTGTCATCGGAGGGGTGTTCATGCCATGGGTGGTATGGCTGCGCAAATCCCTATCAAAGACGACCCGGCAGCCAATGAAAAGGCCATGACTAAAGTCCGTAATGATAAGATTAGAGAGCTGACAAATGGACATGATGGGTCATGGGTTGCACACCCAGCACTGGCCCCTATTTGTAATGAAGTTTTCATTAATATGGGAACACCAAACCAAATCTATTTCATTCCTGAAAACGTTGTAACGGCTGCTAATCTGCTGGAAACCAAAATTCCAAATGGTGAGATTACTACCGAGGGAATTGTACAAAACTTGGATATCGGGTTGCAGTACATGGAAGCTTGGCTCAGAGGCTCTGGATGTGTGCCCATCAACAACTTGATGGAAGACGCCGCCACTGCTGAAGTGTCTCGTTGTCAATTGTATCAATGGGTGAAACACGGTGTTACTCTAAAGGACACGGGAGAAAAGGTCACCCCAGAATTAACCGAAAAGATTCTAAAAGAACAAGTGGAAAGACTGTCTAAGGCAAGTCCATTGGGTGACAAGAACAAATTCGCGCTGGCCGCTAAGTATTTCTTGCCAGAAATCAGAGGCGAGAAATTCAGTGAATTTTTGACTACATTGTTGTACGACGAAATTGTGTCCACTAAGGCGACGCCCACTGATTTGAGCAAATTGTGA","protein_sequence":"MVKVSLDNVKLLVDVDKEPFFKPSSTTVGDILTKDALEFIVLLHRTFNNKRKQLLENRQVVQKKLDSGSYHLDFLPETANIRNDPTWQGPILAPGLINRSTEITGPPLRNMLINALNAPVNTYMTDFEDSASPTWNNMVYGQVNLYDAIRNQIDFDTPRKSYKLNGNVANLPTIIVRPRGWHMVEKHLYVDDEPISASIFDFGLYFYHNAKELIKLGKGPYFYLPKMEHHLEAKLWNDVFCVAQDYIGIPRGTIRATVLIETLPAAFQMEEIIYQLRQHSSGLNCGRWDYIFSTIKRLRNDPNHILPNRNQVTMTSPFMDAYVKRLINTCHRRGVHAMGGMAAQIPIKDDPAANEKAMTKVRNDKIRELTNGHDGSWVAHPALAPICNEVFINMGTPNQIYFIPENVVTAANLLETKIPNGEITTEGIVQNLDIGLQYMEAWLRGSGCVPINNLMEDAATAEVSRCQLYQWVKHGVTLKDTGEKVTPELTEKILKEQVERLSKASPLGDKNKFALAAKYFLPEIRGEKFSEFLTTLLYDEIVSTKATPTDLSKL"},{"created_at":"2011-05-24T20:55:15.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-27T15:00:56.000Z","name":"Malate synthase 2, glyoxysomal","uniprot_id":"P21826","uniprot_name":"MASZ_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"DAL7","num_residues":554,"molecular_weight":"62793.39844","theoretical_pi":"6.46","general_function":"Involved in catalytic activity","specific_function":"This isozyme is involved in the degradation of allantoin (purine catabolism)","reactions":[{"id":1721,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"peroxisome;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2351,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Glyoxysome","altext":"Acetyl-CoA + H(2)O + glyoxylate = (S)-malate + CoA.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":4165,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006463","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Glyoxysome","genbank_gene_id":"M28124","genbank_protein_id":"556463","gene_card_id":"DAL7","chromosome_location":"chromosome 9","locus":"YIR031C","synonyms":["Degradation of allantoin protein 7"],"enzyme_classes":["2.3.3.9"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity, transferring acyl groups"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer"},{"category":"Function","description":" malate synthase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" primary metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" carbohydrate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular carbohydrate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" glyoxylate cycle"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Malate_synthase","identifier":"PF01274"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Pyruvate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00620"},{"name":"Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00630"},{"name":"Glyoxylate cycle","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGGTGAAGATAAGCTTGGACAACACTGCTCTATACGCAGACATCGACACGACTCCTCAATTTGAACCTTCCAAAACTACTGTAGCTGATATTTTAACAAAAGATGCCTTAGAGTTCATTGTTTTGCTGCATAGAACTTTCAATTCAACACGGAAACAGCTTTTAGCCAACAGAAGCAATTTACAATCAAAGTTAGACTCTGGTGAATACCGATTTGATTTCTTGCCGGAAACCGAACAAATCAGGAACGATCCTACATGGCAAGGTGCTATCCCAGCCCCTGGTTTGATCAACAGATCCAGCGAGATTACTGGGCCACCATTGAGAAATATGTTAGTCAACGATTTGAATGCTGAAGTAACGACATATATGACTGATTTCGAGGACTCTTCATCTCCAACTTGGGAGAACATGATTTACGGACAAGTTAATCTTTATGATGCCATTAGAAATCAAATCGATTTCAAGACACCAAGAAAGGAGTACAGGTTGAAAGGTGACATTTCAAGACTGCCCACTTTAATTGTCAGACCTCGTGGCTGGCACATGGTGGAGAAGCACCTTTACATAGATGATGAACCGATTAGTGCTTCCATCTTCGATTTTGGTTTATATTTTTACCATAACGCTAAAGAGTTAGTTAAAATTGGTAAAGGACCTTATTTTTACTTACCAAAGATGGAGCACCATATGGAGGTAAAACTATGGAATGACATATTCTGTGTTGCACAAGATTTTATTGGAATGCCCCGCGGTACCATTAGGGCCACTGTTCTGATTGAAACTTTGCCAGCGGCCTTCCAAATGGAGGAGATTATCTATCAAATAAGAGAACATTCAAGCGGTTTGAACTGTGGTCGTTGGGACTACATATTTTCGACCATTAAAAAACTGAGAAACTTGAATGAACACGTTTTGCCAAATAGGGATCTAGTGACTATGACTTCACCTTTTATGGATGCTTATGTGAAAAGATTGATCAATACATGTCACCGTAGAGGGGTCCATGCGATGGGTGGTATGGCTGCCCAAATCCCCATAAAAGATGATCCAAAGGCTAATGAAGCTGCAATGAACAAAGTTCGTAATGACAAAATTAGAGAAATGAAGAATGGGCATGATGGGTCATGGGTAGCACACCCAGCATTGGCACCGATTTGTAATGAAGTTTTCAGTAACATGGGTACAGCAAATCAAATATATTTTGTCCCGGATGTACATGTTACATCATCTGATTTATTGAATACGAAGATTCAAGATGCTCAAGTCACTACTGAGGGAATCAGAGTAAACTTGGATATTGGCCTACAATATATGGAGGCTTGGTTAAGGGGATCTGGTTGTGTCCCAATTAATCATTTGATGGAAGATGCCGCTACTGCGGAAGTATCACGTTGTCAATTGTACCAGTGGGTTAAACATGGTGTTGTCTTAAGTGATACCGGTGACAAAGTAACTCCAGAATTGACCGCTAAGATATTAAATGAAGAGACTGCAAAATTGGCTTCAGCAAGTCCGCTGGGTGAAAAGAACAAGTTTGCCTTGGCAGCCAAGTATTTTTTGCCTGAAGTCACTGGTAAAATCTTTAGCGACTTCTTGACCACTTTATTGTATGATGAAATTATTAAGCCAAGTGCCAAACCAGTTGACTTAAGTAAATTATAG","protein_sequence":"MVKISLDNTALYADIDTTPQFEPSKTTVADILTKDALEFIVLLHRTFNSTRKQLLANRSNLQSKLDSGEYRFDFLPETEQIRNDPTWQGAIPAPGLINRSSEITGPPLRNMLVNALNAEVTTYMTDFEDSSSPTWENMIYGQVNLYDAIRNQIDFKTPRKEYRLKDDISRLPTLIVRPRGWHMVEKHLYIDDEPISASIFDFGLYFYHNAKELVKIGKGPYFYLPKMEHHMEVKLWNDIFCVAQDFIGMPRGTIRATVLIETLPAAFQMEEIIYQIREHSSGLNCGRWDYIFSTIKKLRNLPEHVLPNRDLVTMTSPFMDAYVKRLINTCHRRGVHAMGGMAAQIPIKDDPKANEAAMNKVRNDKIREMKNGHDGSWVAHPALAPICNEVFSNMGTANQIYFVPDVHVTSSDLLNTKIQDAQVTTEGIRVNLDIGLQYMEAWLRGSGCVPINHLMEDAATAEVSRCQLYQWVKHGVVLSDTGDKVTPELTAKILNEETAKLASASPLGEKNKFALAAKYFLPEVTGKIFSDFLTTLLYDEIIKPSAKPVDLSKL"},{"created_at":"2011-05-26T19:25:57.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-27T15:01:06.000Z","name":"Fumarate hydratase, mitochondrial","uniprot_id":"P08417","uniprot_name":"FUMH_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"FUM1","num_residues":488,"molecular_weight":"53151.5","theoretical_pi":"8.4","general_function":"Involved in fumarate hydratase activity","specific_function":"(S)-malate = fumarate + H(2)O","reactions":[{"id":1553,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2565,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Mitochondrion matrix. Cytoplasm.","altext":"(S)-malate = fumarate + H(2)O.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":3702,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R003284","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":3733,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006259","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":"1YFM","cellular_location":"Mitochondrion matrix. Cytoplasm.","genbank_gene_id":"J02802","genbank_protein_id":"171523","gene_card_id":"FUM1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 16","locus":"YPL262W","synonyms":["Fumarase"],"enzyme_classes":["4.2.1.2"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" macromolecular complex"},{"category":"Component","description":" protein complex"},{"category":"Component","description":" tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme complex"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" fumarate hydratase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carbon-oxygen lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" hydro-lyase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxoacid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" carboxylic acid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" dicarboxylic acid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" fumarate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cofactor metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" coenzyme metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" acetyl-CoA metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" acetyl-CoA catabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" tricarboxylic acid cycle"},{"category":"Process","description":" organic acid metabolic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Lyase_1","identifier":"PF00206"},{"name":"FumaraseC_C","identifier":"PF10415"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)","kegg_map_id":"00020"},{"name":"Citric Acid Cycle 1434561204","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"TCA Cycle","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGTTGAGATTTACCAATTGTAGTTGCAAGACTTTCGTAAAATCGTCATATAAGCTTAATATAAGAAGAATGAACTCCTCGTTCAGAACTGAAACCGATGCATTTGGTGAGATACACGTGCCTGCTGATAAGTACTGGGGTGCCCAAACTCAAAGATCCTTTCAAAACTTCAAGATTGGTGGCGCTCGTGAAAGAATGCCATTGCCTTTGGTGCATGCATTTGGTGTTTTGAAGAAATCTGCCGCGATTGTGAATGAGTCTCTGGGGGGATTGGATCCCAAGATCTCCAAGGCTATTCAACAGGCCGCTGACGAAGTGGCTTCTGGTAAGCTAGACGACCACTTTCCATTGGTTGTTTTCCAAACGGGTTCCGGTACCCAGTCTAACATGAACGCTAATGAAGTTATTTCCAATCGTGCCATTGAGATCCTAGGAGGCAAGATTGGATCTAAACAAGTCCATCCAAACAATCATTGCAACCAATCTCAATCATCCAATGATACTTTCCCCACTGTCGTGCATATCGCTGCCAGTTTGCAAATTCAAAACGAGTTGATACCTGAGTTGACCAATTTAAAGAACGCCCTTGAAGCCAAATCCAAGGAATTTGACCATATTGTGAAGATCGGTAGAACACACTTGCAAGATGCCACGCCTTTGACACTAGGTCAAGAGTTTTCCGGTTACGTGCAACAAGTTGAGAACGGTATCCAAAGAGTGGCACATTCTTTGAAAACATTGAGTTTCCTGGCACAAGGTGGTACTGCCGTTGGTACAGGGTTGAACACCAAGCCCGGATTCGATGTCAAGATAGCCGAGCAAATTTCCAAAGAAACTGGACTAAAGTTTCAAACCGCCCCTAATAGGTTCGAGGCTTTGGCTGCTCACGACGCCATTGTCGAATGTAGCGGTGCTCTAAACACCCTTGCTTGTTCTCTTTTCAAAATAGCGCAAGATATAAGATACTTAGGGTCCGGGCCACGTTGCGGCTACCATGAACTAATGCTGCCAGAGAATGAACCAGGTTCCTCAATCATGCCTGGTAAAGTTAACCCAACCCAAAACGAGGCATTGACTCAAGTGTGTGTGCAAGTCATGGGTAACAATGCAGCTATCACGTTTGCCGGCTCTCAAGGTCAATTCGAGTTAAATGTCTTCAAGCCAGTCATGATCGTCAATCTATTGAATTCGATCAGGTTAATTACTGATGCCGCATATTCATTTAGAGTGCACTGTGTTGAAGGTATCAAAGCCAATGAGCCTCGTATTCATGAGTTGTTGACTAAATCTTTAATGTTAGTCACCGCTTTGAACCCTAAGATCGGTTATGATGCCGCTTCCAAGGTCGCCAAGAATGCTCATAAGAAGGGCATTACCTTGAAGGAAAGTGCATTGGAATTGGGTGTATTGACTGAAAAGGAATTTGATGAATGGGTTGTTCCTGAACACATGCTAGGTCCTAAATAA","protein_sequence":"MLRFTNCSCKTFVKSSYKLNIRRMNSSFRTETDAFGEIHVPADKYWGAQTQRSFQNFKIGGARERMPLPLVHAFGVLKKSAAIVNESLGGLDPKISKAIQQAADEVASGKLDDHFPLVVFQTGSGTQSNMNANEVISNRAIEILGGKIGSKQVHPNNHCNQSQSSNDTFPTVMHIAASLQIQNELIPELTNLKNALEAKSKEFDHIVKIGRTHLQDATPLTLGQEFSGYVQQVENGIQRVAHSLKTLSFLAQGGTAVGTGLNTKPGFDVKIAEQISKETGLKFQTAPNKFEALAAHDAIVECSGALNTLACSLFKIAQDIRYLGSGPRCGYHELMLPENEPGSSIMPGKVNPTQNEALTQVCVQVMGNNAAITFAGSQGQFELNVFKPVMIANLLNSIRLITDAAYSFRVHCVEGIKANEPRIHELLTKSLMLVTALNPKIGYDAASKVAKNAHKKGITLKESALELGVLTEKEFDEWVVPEHMLGPK"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T01:35:37.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-29T05:06:33.000Z","name":"Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic","uniprot_id":"P22133","uniprot_name":"MDHC_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"MDH2","num_residues":377,"molecular_weight":"40730.39844","theoretical_pi":"6.9","general_function":"Involved in oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor","specific_function":"The isoenzyme MDH2 may function primarily in the glyoxylate cycle","reactions":[{"id":1720,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;peroxisome;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2630,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Peroxisome;Mitochondrion matrix;Cytoplasm","altext":"(S)-malate + NAD(+) = oxaloacetate + NADH.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":3710,"direction":"\u003c","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006266","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":4166,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006464","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Cytoplasm","genbank_gene_id":"M62808","genbank_protein_id":"171916","gene_card_id":"MDH2","chromosome_location":"chromosome 15","locus":"YOL126C","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["1.1.1.37"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" L-malate dehydrogenase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" malate dehydrogenase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxoacid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" carboxylic acid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular carbohydrate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" dicarboxylic acid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" malate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" primary metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" carbohydrate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxidation reduction"},{"category":"Process","description":" organic acid metabolic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Ldh_1_C","identifier":"PF02866"},{"name":"Ldh_1_N","identifier":"PF00056"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)","kegg_map_id":"00020"},{"name":"Pyruvate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00620"},{"name":"Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00630"},{"name":"Methane metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00680"},{"name":"Aspartate metabolism","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Glyoxylate cycle","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"TCA 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4","locus":"YDL078C","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["1.1.1.37"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" L-malate dehydrogenase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" malate dehydrogenase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxoacid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" carboxylic acid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular carbohydrate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" dicarboxylic acid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" malate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" primary metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" carbohydrate metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxidation reduction"},{"category":"Process","description":" organic acid metabolic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Ldh_1_C","identifier":"PF02866"},{"name":"Ldh_1_N","identifier":"PF00056"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)","kegg_map_id":"00020"},{"name":"Pyruvate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00620"},{"name":"Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00630"},{"name":"Methane 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transport protein","uniprot_id":"P38152","uniprot_name":"TXTP_YEAST","enzyme":false,"transporter":true,"gene_name":"CTP1","num_residues":299,"molecular_weight":"32173.0","theoretical_pi":"10.08","general_function":"Involved in binding","specific_function":"Transport of citrate across inner mitochondrial membrane","reactions":[],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"16-36;66-86;113-133;174-193;215-235;272-291","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Mitochondrion inner membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein","genbank_gene_id":"U17503","genbank_protein_id":"642520","gene_card_id":"CTP1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 2","locus":"YBR291C","synonyms":["Citrate transport protein","CTP"],"enzyme_classes":[],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" cell part"},{"category":"Component","description":" membrane"},{"category":"Component","description":" organelle membrane"},{"category":"Component","description":" organelle inner 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transport"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Mito_carr","identifier":"PF00153"}],"pathways":[],"gene_sequence":"ATGTCCAGTAAAGCTACCAAAAGTGACGTAGATCCATTGCACTCGTTTCTGGCAGGGTCCCTAGCCGGTGCTGCTGAAGCATGTATAACATATCCTTTTGAATTTGCCAAAACAAGGCTGCAGCTGATTGATAAGGCCTCCAAGGCATCAAGAAATCCTCTGGTATTGATATATAAAACTGCAAAAACTCAGGGCATTGGTTCCATTTATGTCGGATGTCCCGCATTTATTATTGGTAACACCGCTAAGGCGGGTATTAGATTTCTTGGCTTTGATACCATTAAAGACTTGCTAAGAGATAGGGAAACTGGAGAACTAAGTGGTACAAGAGGGGTGATAGCTGGGTTAGGTGCGGGACTATTAGAAAGTGTTGCCGCAGTGACTCCTTTTGAAGCAATCAAAACTGCTTTGATCGATGATAAACAATCTGCTACACCAAAATACCATAATAATGGGCGCGGTGTAGTACGAAACTATTCATCATTAGTCCGTGATAAAGGATTTTCTGGTCTTTATCGTGGTGTTTTGCCAGTTTCCATGAGACAGGCCGCAAACCAAGCCGTTAGATTGGGTTGTTACAATAAGATTAAGACCTTGATCCAAGATTATACGGATTCGCCAAAAGACAAACCTTTATCATCCGGGTTAACCTTCTTAGTGGGTGCATTTAGTGGTATTGTGACGGTCTATTCCACCATGCCCCTTGATACTGTGAAAACAAGAATGCAAAGTTTGGATTCCACCAAATACTCCTCTACAATGAATTGTTTTGCAACCATTTTCAAAGAAGAAGGTTTAAAGACGTTTTGGAAAGGTGCTACGCCTAGACTTGGGAGATTGGTCTTGAGTGGTGGTATTGTTTTCACTATCTATGAAAAGGTCTTAGTTATGCTAGCCTGA","protein_sequence":"MSSKATKSDVDPLHSFLAGSLAGAAEACITYPFEFAKTRLQLIDKASKASRNPLVLIYKTAKTQGIGSIYVGCPAFIIGNTAKAGIRFLGFDTIKDMLRDSETGELSGTRGVIAGLGAGLLESVAAVTPFEAIKTALIDDKQSATPKYHNNGRGVVRNYSSLVRDKGFSGLYRGVLPVSMRQAANQAVRLGCYNKIKTLIQDYTDSPKDKPLSSGLTFLVGAFSGIVTVYSTMPLDTVKTRMQSLDSTKYSSTMNCFATIFKEEGLKTFWKGATPRLGRLVLSGGIVFTIYEKVLVMLA"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T09:25:13.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-27T15:01:30.000Z","name":"Mitochondrial dicarboxylate transporter","uniprot_id":"Q06143","uniprot_name":"DIC1_YEAST","enzyme":false,"transporter":true,"gene_name":"DIC1","num_residues":298,"molecular_weight":"32991.30078","theoretical_pi":"10.1","general_function":"Involved in antiporter activity","specific_function":"Mitochondrial dicarboxylic transporter catalyzing the exchange of dicarboxylic acids like malate and succinate for inorganic phosphate. 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dehydrogenase, mitochondrial","uniprot_id":"P17505","uniprot_name":"MDHM_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"MDH1","num_residues":334,"molecular_weight":"35649.60156","theoretical_pi":"8.96","general_function":"Involved in oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor","specific_function":"(S)-malate + NAD(+) = oxaloacetate + NADH","reactions":[{"id":1720,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;peroxisome;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2630,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Peroxisome;Mitochondrion matrix;Cytoplasm","altext":"(S)-malate + NAD(+) = oxaloacetate + NADH.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Mitochondrion matrix","genbank_gene_id":"J02841","genbank_protein_id":"171892","gene_card_id":"MDH1","chromosome_location":null,"locus":null,"synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["1.1.1.37"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" L-malate dehydrogenase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" malate dehydrogenase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxoacid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" carboxylic acid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular carbohydrate metabolic 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