{"ymdb_id":"YMDB00168","created_at":"2011-05-29T16:03:21.000Z","updated_at":"2016-09-08T18:35:08.000Z","name":"(S)-3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid","cas":"1460-34-0","state":"Solid","melting_point":null,"description":"3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is a metabolite of isoleucine in man, animals and bacteria.  It is the alpha-keto acid analogue of isoleucine. 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is produced from isoleucine by cytosolic branched chain aminotransferase 1 [EC:2.6.1.42], whereupon it is further degraded by branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 to 2-Methyl-1-hydroxybutyl-ThPP.","experimental_water_solubility":"915.5 mg/mL [sodium salt, HMP experimental]","experimental_logp_hydrophobicity":null,"location":"Cell Envelope;Cytoplasm;Endoplasmic Reticulum;Extracellular;Lipid Particle;Mitochondrion","synthesis_reference":"Kondo, Shigeo; Sudo, Tetsuji; Ogiwara, Mitsuo; Takeuchi, Hiroshi.  a-Oxo-b-methyl-n-valeric acid and its salts.  Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho  (1979),     3 pp. ","chebi_id":"15614","hmdb_id":"HMDB00491","kegg_id":"C00671","pubchem_id":"439286","cs_id":"388419","foodb_id":null,"wikipedia_link":null,"biocyc_id":"2-KETO-3-METHYL-VALERATE","iupac":"(3S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid","traditional_iupac":"(S)-omv","logp":"1.7539647436666668","pka":null,"alogps_solubility":"9.86e+00 g/l","alogps_logp":"1.00","alogps_logs":"-1.12","acceptor_count":"3","donor_count":"1","rotatable_bond_count":"3","polar_surface_area":"54.37","refractivity":"31.792100000000005","polarizability":"12.983275815415249","formal_charge":"0","physiological_charge":"-1","pka_strongest_basic":"-9.724255725220358","pka_strongest_acidic":"3.5188639238905273","bioavailability":"1","number_of_rings":"0","rule_of_five":"1","ghose_filter":"0","veber_rule":"0","mddr_like_rule":"0","synonyms":["(3R)-3-Methyl-2-oxopentanoate","(3R)-3-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid","(3S)-3-Methyl-2-oxopentanoate","(3S)-3-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid","(r)-2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate","(r)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate","(r)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid","(s)-2-oxo-3-methylpentanoate","(S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate","(S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid","(S)-3-methyl-2-oxovalerate","2-Oxo-3-methyl-n-valerate","2-Oxo-3-methyl-n-valeric acid","2-Oxo-3-methylpentanoate","2-Oxo-3-methylpentanoic acid","2-Oxo-3-methylvalerate","2-Oxo-3-methylvaleric acid","2-Oxoisoleucine","2-oxokolavenate","2-oxokolavenic acid","3-methyl-2-oxo-pentanoate","3-methyl-2-oxo-pentanoic acid","3-methyl-2-oxo-Valerate","3-methyl-2-oxo-Valeric acid","3-Methyl-2-oxopentanoate","3-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid","3-Methyl-2-oxovalerate","3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric","a-keto-b-Methyl-n-valerate","a-keto-b-Methyl-n-valeric acid","a-Keto-b-methylvalerate","a-Keto-b-methylvaleric acid","a-Oxo-b-methyl-n-valerate","a-Oxo-b-methyl-n-valeric acid","a-Oxo-b-methylvalerate","a-Oxo-b-methylvaleric acid","alpha-keto-beta-Methyl-n-valerate","alpha-keto-beta-Methyl-n-valeric acid","alpha-Keto-beta-methylvalerate","alpha-keto-beta-methylvaleric acid","alpha-Oxo-beta-methyl-n-valerate","alpha-Oxo-beta-methyl-n-valeric acid","alpha-Oxo-beta-methylvalerate","alpha-Oxo-beta-methylvaleric acid","ketoisoleucine"],"pathways":[{"name":"Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":"00290"},{"name":"Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation","kegg_map_id":"00280"},{"name":"Isoleucine degradation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Leucine Biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"isoleucine biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":null}],"growth_conditions":[],"references":[{"pubmed_id":21051339,"citation":"UniProt Consortium (2011). \"Ongoing and future developments at the Universal Protein Resource.\" Nucleic Acids Res 39:D214-D219."},{"pubmed_id":18846089,"citation":"Herrgard, M. J., Swainston, N., Dobson, P., Dunn, W. B., Arga, K. Y., Arvas, M., Bluthgen, N., Borger, S., Costenoble, R., Heinemann, M., Hucka, M., Le Novere, N., Li, P., Liebermeister, W., Mo, M. L., Oliveira, A. P., Petranovic, D., Pettifer, S., Simeonidis, E., Smallbone, K., Spasic, I., Weichart, D., Brent, R., Broomhead, D. S., Westerhoff, H. V., Kirdar, B., Penttila, M., Klipp, E., Palsson, B. O., Sauer, U., Oliver, S. G., Mendes, P., Nielsen, J., Kell, D. B. (2008). \"A consensus yeast metabolic network reconstruction obtained from a community approach to systems biology.\" Nat Biotechnol 26:1155-1160."},{"pubmed_id":12902239,"citation":"Vuralhan, Z., Morais, M. A., Tai, S. L., Piper, M. D., Pronk, J. T. (2003). \"Identification and characterization of phenylpyruvate decarboxylase genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.\" Appl Environ Microbiol 69:4534-4541."},{"pubmed_id":8798704,"citation":"Kispal, G., Steiner, H., Court, D. A., Rolinski, B., Lill, R. (1996). \"Mitochondrial and cytosolic branched-chain amino acid transaminases from yeast, homologs of the myc oncogene-regulated Eca39 protein.\" J Biol Chem 271:24458-24464."}],"proteins":[{"created_at":"2011-05-24T20:26:42.000Z","updated_at":"2011-07-22T17:53:52.000Z","name":"Pyruvate decarboxylase isozyme 2","uniprot_id":"P16467","uniprot_name":"PDC5_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"PDC5","num_residues":563,"molecular_weight":"61911.60156","theoretical_pi":"6.4","general_function":"Involved in magnesium ion binding","specific_function":"Second most abundant of three pyruvate decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6) implicated in the nonoxidative conversion of pyruvate to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation. Most of the produced acetaldehyde is subsequently reduced to ethanol, but some is required for cytosolic acetyl-CoA production for biosynthetic pathways. The enzyme is also one of five 2-oxo acid decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, ARO10, and THI3) able to decarboxylate more complex 2-oxo acids (alpha-keto-acids) than pyruvate, which seem mainly involved in amino acid catabolism. Here the enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of amino acids, which, in a first step, have been transaminated to the corresponding 2-oxo acids. In a third step, the resulting aldehydes are reduced to alcohols, collectively referred to as fusel oils or alcohols. Its preferred substrates are the transaminated amino acids valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, whereas leucine is no substrate. In a side-reaction the carbanionic intermediate (or active aldehyde) generated by decarboxylation or by activation of an aldehyde can react with an aldehyde via condensation (or carboligation) yielding a 2-hydroxy ketone, collectively called acyloins","reactions":[{"id":1184,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1186,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1228,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1658,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1841,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1933,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1934,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2319,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm;Nucleus","altext":"A 2-oxo acid = an aldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2320,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate = 2-(indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2321,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"Phenylpyruvate = phenylacetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2322,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"Pyruvate = Acetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2323,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"A 2-oxo acid + an aldehyde = A 2-hydroxy ketone + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2324,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"An aldehyde + an aldehyde = A 2-hydroxy ketone.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":14096,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006520","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14097,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006525","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14098,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006537","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14099,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006557","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14100,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006971","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14101,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006979","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus","genbank_gene_id":"U53881","genbank_protein_id":"1256902","gene_card_id":"PDC5","chromosome_location":"chromosome 12","locus":"YLR134W","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["4.1.1.-","4.1.1.1"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" thiamin pyrophosphate binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carbon-carbon lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carboxy-lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" cation binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" metal ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" vitamin binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" magnesium ion binding"},{"category":"Process","description":" Not Available"}],"pfams":[{"name":"TPP_enzyme_C","identifier":"PF02775"},{"name":"TPP_enzyme_M","identifier":"PF00205"},{"name":"TPP_enzyme_N","identifier":"PF02776"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis","kegg_map_id":"00010"},{"name":"Ethanol fermentation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Isoleucine degradation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Phenylalanine metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00360"},{"name":"Pyruvate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00620"},{"name":"Tryptophan metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00380"},{"name":"Tyrosine metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00350"},{"name":"Valine Degradation","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGTCTGAAATAACCTTAGGTAAATATTTATTTGAAAGATTGAGCCAAGTCAACTGTAACACCGTCTTCGGTTTGCCAGGTGACTTTAACTTGTCTCTTTTGGATAAGCTTTATGAAGTCAAAGGTATGAGATGGGCTGGTAACGCTAACGAATTGAACGCTGCCTATGCTGCTGATGGTTACGCTCGTATCAAGGGTATGTCCTGTATTATTACCACCTTCGGTGTTGGTGAATTGTCTGCTTTGAATGGTATTGCCGGTTCTTACGCTGAACATGTCGGTGTTTTGCACGTTGTTGGTGTTCCATCCATCTCTTCTCAAGCTAAGCAATTGTTGTTGCATCATACCTTGGGTAACGGTGACTTCACTGTTTTCCACAGAATGTCTGCCAACATTTCTGAAACCACTGCCATGATCACTGATATTGCTAACGCTCCAGCTGAAATTGACAGATGTATCAGAACCACCTACACTACCCAAAGACCAGTCTACTTGGGTTTGCCAGCTAACTTGGTTGACTTGAACGTCCCAGCCAAGTTATTGGAAACTCCAATTGACTTGTCTTTGAAGCCAAACGACGCTGAAGCTGAAGCTGAAGTTGTTAGAACTGTTGTTGAATTGATCAAGGATGCTAAGAACCCAGTTATCTTGGCTGATGCTTGTGCTTCTAGACATGATGTCAAGGCTGAAACTAAGAAGTTGATGGACTTGACTCAATTCCCAGTTTACGTCACCCCAATGGGTAAGGGTGCTATTGACGAACAACACCCAAGATACGGTGGTGTTTACGTTGGTACCTTGTCTAGACCAGAAGTTAAGAAGGCTGTAGAATCTGCTGATTTGATATTGTCTATCGGTGCTTTGTTGTCTGATTTCAATACCGGTTCTTTCTCTTACTCCTACAAGACCAAAAATATCGTTGAATTCCACTCTGACCACATCAAGATCAGAAACGCCACCTTCCCAGGTGTTCAAATGAAATTTGCCTTGCAAAAATTGTTGGATGCTATTCCAGAAGTCGTCAAGGACTACAAACCTGTTGCTGTCCCAGCTAGAGTTCCAATTACCAAGTCTACTCCAGCTAACACTCCAATGAAGCAAGAATGGATGTGGAACCATTTGGGTAACTTCTTGAGAGAAGGTGATATTGTTATTGCTGAAACCGGTACTTCCGCCTTCGGTATTAACCAAACTACTTTCCCAACAGATGTATACGCTATCGTCCAAGTCTTGTGGGGTTCCATTGGTTTCACAGTCGGCGCTCTATTGGGTGCTACTATGGCCGCTGAAGAACTTGATCCAAAGAAGAGAGTTATTTTATTCATTGGTGACGGTTCTCTACAATTGACTGTTCAAGAAATCTCTACCATGATTAGATGGGGTTTGAAGCCATACATTTTTGTCTTGAATAACAACGGTTACACCATTGAAAAATTGATTCACGGTCCTCATGCCGAATATAATGAAATTCAAGGTTGGGACCACTTGGCCTTATTGCCAACTTTTGGTGCTAGAAACTACGAAACCCACAGAGTTGCTACCACTGGTGAATGGGAAAAGTTGACTCAAGACAAGGACTTCCAAGACAACTCTAAGATTAGAATGATTGAAGTTATGTTGCCAGTCTTTGATGCTCCACAAAACTTGGTTAAACAAGCTCAATTGACTGCCGCTACTAACGCTAAACAATAA","protein_sequence":"MSEITLGKYLFERLSQVNCNTVFGLPGDFNLSLLDKLYEVKGMRWAGNANELNAAYAADGYARIKGMSCIITTFGVGELSALNGIAGSYAEHVGVLHVVGVPSISSQAKQLLLHHTLGNGDFTVFHRMSANISETTAMITDIANAPAEIDRCIRTTYTTQRPVYLGLPANLVDLNVPAKLLETPIDLSLKPNDAEAEAEVVRTVVELIKDAKNPVILADACASRHDVKAETKKLMDLTQFPVYVTPMGKGAIDEQHPRYGGVYVGTLSRPEVKKAVESADLILSIGALLSDFNTGSFSYSYKTKNIVEFHSDHIKIRNATFPGVQMKFALQKLLDAIPEVVKDYKPVAVPARVPITKSTPANTPMKQEWMWNHLGNFLREGDIVIAETGTSAFGINQTTFPTDVYAIVQVLWGSIGFTVGALLGATMAAEELDPKKRVILFIGDGSLQLTVQEISTMIRWGLKPYIFVLNNNGYTIEKLIHGPHAEYNEIQGWDHLALLPTFGARNYETHRVATTGEWEKLTQDKDFQDNSKIRMIEVMLPVFDAPQNLVKQAQLTAATNAKQ"},{"created_at":"2011-05-24T20:27:16.000Z","updated_at":"2011-07-22T17:53:52.000Z","name":"Pyruvate decarboxylase isozyme 3","uniprot_id":"P26263","uniprot_name":"PDC6_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"PDC6","num_residues":563,"molecular_weight":"61579.89844","theoretical_pi":"6.11","general_function":"Involved in magnesium ion binding","specific_function":"Minor of three pyruvate decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6) implicated in the nonoxidative conversion of pyruvate to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation. Most of the produced acetaldehyde is subsequently reduced to ethanol, but some is required for cytosolic acetyl-CoA production for biosynthetic pathways. The enzyme is also one of five 2-oxo acid decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, ARO10, and THI3) able to decarboxylate more complex 2-oxo acids (alpha-keto-acids) than pyruvate, which seem mainly involved in amino acid catabolism. Here the enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of amino acids, which, in a first step, have been transaminated to the corresponding 2-oxo acids. In a third step, the resulting aldehydes are reduced to alcohols, collectively referred to as fusel oils or alcohols. Its preferred substrates are the transaminated amino acids valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, whereas leucine is no substrate. In a side-reaction the carbanionic intermediate (or active aldehyde) generated by decarboxylation or by activation of an aldehyde can react with an aldehyde via condensation (or carboligation) yielding a 2-hydroxy ketone, collectively called acyloins. The expression level of this protein in the presence of fermentable carbon sources is so low that it can not compensate for the other two pyruvate decarboxylases to sustain fermentation","reactions":[{"id":1184,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1186,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1228,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1658,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1841,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1933,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1934,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2319,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm;Nucleus","altext":"A 2-oxo acid = an aldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2320,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate = 2-(indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2321,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"Phenylpyruvate = phenylacetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2322,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"Pyruvate = Acetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2323,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"A 2-oxo acid + an aldehyde = A 2-hydroxy ketone + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2324,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"An aldehyde + an aldehyde = A 2-hydroxy ketone.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":14096,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006520","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14097,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006525","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14098,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006537","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14099,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006557","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14100,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006971","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14101,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006979","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14283,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006759","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14285,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006770","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Cytoplasm","genbank_gene_id":"X55905","genbank_protein_id":"4116","gene_card_id":"PDC6","chromosome_location":"chromosome 7","locus":"YGR087C","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["4.1.1.-","4.1.1.1"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" thiamin pyrophosphate binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carbon-carbon lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carboxy-lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" cation binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" metal ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" vitamin binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" magnesium ion binding"},{"category":"Process","description":" Not Available"}],"pfams":[{"name":"TPP_enzyme_C","identifier":"PF02775"},{"name":"TPP_enzyme_M","identifier":"PF00205"},{"name":"TPP_enzyme_N","identifier":"PF02776"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis","kegg_map_id":"00010"},{"name":"Ethanol fermentation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Isoleucine degradation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Phenylalanine metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00360"},{"name":"Pyruvate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00620"},{"name":"Tryptophan metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00380"},{"name":"Tyrosine metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00350"},{"name":"Valine Biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Valine Degradation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"isoleucine biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGTCTGAAATTACTCTTGGAAAATACTTATTTGAAAGATTGAAGCAAGTTAATGTTAACACCATTTTTGGGCTACCAGGCGACTTCAACTTGTCCCTATTGGACAAGATTTACGAGGTAGATGGATTGAGATGGGCTGGTAATGCAAATGAGCTGAACGCCGCCTATGCCGCCGATGGTTACGCACGCATCAAGGGTTTATCTGTGCTGGTAACTACTTTTGGCGTAGGTGAATTATCCGCCTTGAATGGTATTGCAGGATCGTATGCAGAACACGTCGGTGTACTGCATGTTGTTGGTGTCCCCTCTATCTCCGCTCAGGCTAAGCAATTGTTGTTGCATCATACCTTGGGTAACGGTGATTTTACCGTTTTTCACAGAATGTCCGCCAATATCTCAGAAACTACATCAATGATTACAGACATTGCTACAGCCCCTTCAGAAATCGATAGGTTGATCAGGACAACATTTATAACACAAAGGCCTAGCTACTTGGGGTTGCCAGCGAATTTGGTAGATCTAAAGGTTCCTGGTTCTCTTTTGGAAAAACCGATTGATCTATCATTAAAACCTAACGATCCCGAAGCTGAAAAGGAAGTTATTGATACCGTACTAGAATTGATCCAGAATTCGAAAAACCCTGTTATACTATCGGATGCCTGTGCTTCTAGGCACAACGTTAAAAAAGAAACCCAGAAGTTAATTGATTTGACGCAATTCCCAGCTTTTGTGACACCTCTAGGTAAAGGGTCAATAGATGAACAGCATCCCAGATATGGCGGTGTTTATGTGGGAACGCTGTCCAAACAAGACGTGAAACAGGCCGTTGAGTCGGCTGATTTGATCCTTTCGGTCGGTGCTTTGCTCTCTGATTTTAACACAGGTTCGTTTTCCTACTCCTACAAGACTAAAAATGTAGTGGAGTTTCATTCCGATTACGTAAAGGTGAAGAACGCTACGTTCCTCGGTGTACAAATGAAATTTGCACTACAAAACTTACTGAAGGTTATTCCCGATGTTGTTAAGGGCTACAAGAGCGTTCCCGTACCAACCAAAACTCCCGCAAACAAAGGTGTACCTGCTAGCACGCCCTTGAAACAAGAGTGGTTGTGGAACGAATTGTCCAAATTCTTGCAAGAAGGTGATGTTATCATTTCCGAGACCGGCACGTCTGCCTTCGGTATCAATCAAACTATCTTTCCTAAGGACGCCTACGGTATCTCGCAGGTGTTGTGGGGGTCCATCGGTTTTACAACAGGAGCAACTTTAGGTGCTGCCTTTGCCGCTGAGGAGATTGACCCCAACAAGAGAGTCATCTTATTCATAGGTGACGGGTCTTTGCAGTTAACCGTCCAAGAAATCTCCACCATGATCAGATGGGGGTTAAAGCCGTATCTTTTTGTCCTTAACAACGACGGCTACACTATCGAAAAGCTGATTCATGGGCCTCACGCAGAGTACAACGAAATCCAGACCTGGGATCACCTCGCCCTGTTGCCCGCATTTGGTGCGAAAAAGTACGAAAATCACAAGATCGCCACTACGGGTGAGTGGGATGCCTTAACCACTGATTCAGAGTTCCAGAAAAACTCGGTGATCAGACTAATTGAACTGAAACTGCCCGTCTTTGATGCTCCGGAAAGTTTGATCAAACAAGCGCAATTGACTGCCGCTACAAATGCCAAACAATAA","protein_sequence":"MSEITLGKYLFERLKQVNVNTIFGLPGDFNLSLLDKIYEVDGLRWAGNANELNAAYAADGYARIKGLSVLVTTFGVGELSALNGIAGSYAEHVGVLHVVGVPSISAQAKQLLLHHTLGNGDFTVFHRMSANISETTSMITDIATAPSEIDRLIRTTFITQRPSYLGLPANLVDLKVPGSLLEKPIDLSLKPNDPEAEKEVIDTVLELIQNSKNPVILSDACASRHNVKKETQKLIDLTQFPAFVTPLGKGSIDEQHPRYGGVYVGTLSKQDVKQAVESADLILSVGALLSDFNTGSFSYSYKTKNVVEFHSDYVKVKNATFLGVQMKFALQNLLKVIPDVVKGYKSVPVPTKTPANKGVPASTPLKQEWLWNELSKFLQEGDVIISETGTSAFGINQTIFPKDAYGISQVLWGSIGFTTGATLGAAFAAEEIDPNKRVILFIGDGSLQLTVQEISTMIRWGLKPYLFVLNNDGYTIEKLIHGPHAEYNEIQTWDHLALLPAFGAKKYENHKIATTGEWDALTTDSEFQKNSVIRLIELKLPVFDAPESLIKQAQLTAATNAKQ"},{"created_at":"2011-05-24T20:31:18.000Z","updated_at":"2011-07-22T17:53:52.000Z","name":"Pyruvate decarboxylase isozyme 1","uniprot_id":"P06169","uniprot_name":"PDC1_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"PDC1","num_residues":563,"molecular_weight":"61494.89844","theoretical_pi":"6.11","general_function":"Involved in magnesium ion binding","specific_function":"Major of three pyruvate decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6) implicated in the nonoxidative conversion of pyruvate to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation. Most of the produced acetaldehyde is subsequently reduced to ethanol, but some is required for cytosolic acetyl-CoA production for biosynthetic pathways. The enzyme is also one of five 2-oxo acid decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, ARO10, and THI3) able to decarboxylate more complex 2-oxo acids (alpha-ketoacids) than pyruvate, which seem mainly involved in amino acid catabolism. Here the enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of amino acids, which, in a first step, have been transaminated to the corresponding 2-oxo acids. In a third step, the resulting aldehydes are reduced to alcohols, collectively referred to as fusel oils or alcohols. Its preferred substrates are the transaminated amino acids valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, whereas leucine is no substrate. In a side-reaction the carbanionic intermediate (or active aldehyde) generated by decarboxylation or by activation of an aldehyde can react with an aldehyde via condensation (or carboligation) yielding a 2-hydroxy ketone, collectively called acyloins","reactions":[{"id":1184,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1186,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1228,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1658,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1841,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1933,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1934,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2319,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm;Nucleus","altext":"A 2-oxo acid = an aldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2320,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate = 2-(indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2321,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"Phenylpyruvate = phenylacetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2322,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"Pyruvate = Acetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2323,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"A 2-oxo acid + an aldehyde = A 2-hydroxy ketone + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2324,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"An aldehyde + an aldehyde = A 2-hydroxy ketone.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":14096,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006520","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14097,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006525","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14098,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006537","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14099,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006557","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14100,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006971","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14101,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006979","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":"1QPB","cellular_location":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus","genbank_gene_id":"X77316","genbank_protein_id":"871533","gene_card_id":"PDC1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 12","locus":"YLR044C","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["4.1.1.-","4.1.1.1"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" thiamin pyrophosphate binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carbon-carbon lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carboxy-lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" cation binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" metal ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" vitamin binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" magnesium ion binding"},{"category":"Process","description":" Not Available"}],"pfams":[{"name":"TPP_enzyme_C","identifier":"PF02775"},{"name":"TPP_enzyme_M","identifier":"PF00205"},{"name":"TPP_enzyme_N","identifier":"PF02776"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis","kegg_map_id":"00010"},{"name":"Ethanol fermentation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Isoleucine degradation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Phenylalanine metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00360"},{"name":"Pyruvate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00620"},{"name":"Tryptophan metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00380"},{"name":"Tyrosine metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00350"},{"name":"Valine Degradation","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGTCTGAAATTACTTTGGGTAAATATTTGTTCGAAAGATTAAAGCAAGTCAACGTTAACACCGTTTTCGGTTTGCCAGGTGACTTCAACTTGTCCTTGTTGGACAAGATCTACGAAGTTGAAGGTATGAGATGGGCTGGTAACGCCAACGAATTGAACGCTCGTTACGCCGCTGATGGTTACGCTCGTATCAAGGGTATGTCTTGTATCATCACCACCTTCGGTGTCGGTGAATTGTCTGCTTTGAACGGTATTGCCGGTTCTTACGCTGAACACGTCGGTGTTTTGCACGTTGTTGGTGTCCCATCCATCTCTTCTCAAGCTAAGCAATTGTTGTTGCACCACACCTTGGGTAACGGTGACTTCACTGTTTTCCACAGAATGTCTGCCAACATTTCTGAAACCACTGCTATGATCACTGACATCTGTACCGCCCCAGCTGAAATTGACAGATGTATCAGAACCACTTACGTCACCCAAAGACCAGTCTACTTAGGTTTGCCAGCTAACTTGGTCGACTTGAACGTCCCAGCTAAGTTGTTGCAAACTCCAATTGACATGTCTTTGAAGCCAAACGATGCTGAATCCGAAAAGGAAGTCATTGACACCATCTTGGTCTTGGCTAAGGATGCTAAGAACCCAGTTATCTTGGCTGATGCTTGTTGTTCCAGACACGACGTCAAGGCTGAAACTAAGAAGTTGATTGACTTGACTCAATTCCCAGCTTTCGTCACCCCAATGGGTAAGGGTTCCATTAGCGAACAACACCCAAGATACGGTGGTGTTTACGTCGGTACCTTGTCCAAGCCAGAAGTTAAGGAAGCCGTTGAATCTGCTGACTTGATTTTGTCTGTCGGTGCTTTGTTGTCTGATTTCAACACCGGTTCTTTCTCTTACTCTTACAAGACCAAGAACATTGTCGAATTCCACTCCGACCACATGAAGATCAGAAACGCCACTTTCCCAGGTGTCCAAATGAAATTCGTTTTGCAAAAGTTGTTGACCAATATTGCTGACGCCGCTAAGGGTTACAAGCCAGTTGCTGTCCCAGCTAGAACTCCAGCTAACGCTGCTGTCCCAGCTTCTACCCCATTGAAGCAAGAATGGATGTGGAACCAATTGGGTAACTTCTTGCAAGAAGGTGATGTTGTCATTGCTGAAACCGGTACCTCCGCTTTCGGTATCAACCAAACCACTTTCCCAAACAACACCTACGGTATCTCTCAAGTCTTATGGGGTTCCATTGGTTTCACCACTGGTGCTACCTTGGGTGCTGCTTTCGCTGCTGAAGAAATTGATCCAAAGAAGAGAGTTATCTTATTCATTGGTGACGGTTCTTTGCAATTGACTGTTCAAGAAATCTCCACCATGATCAGATGGGGCTTGAAGCCATACTTGTTCGTCTTGAACAACGATGGTTACACCATTGAAAAGTTGATTCACGGTCCAAAGGCTCAATACAACGAAATTCAAGGTTGGGACCACCTATCCTTGTTGCCAACTTTCGGTGCTAAGGACTACGAAACCCACAGAGTCGCTACCACCGGTGAATGGGACAAGTTGACCCAAGACAAGTCTTTCAACGACAACTCTAAGATCAGAATGATTGAGGTTATGTTGCCAGTCTTCGATGCTCCACAAAACTTGGTTGAACAAGCTAAGTTGACTGCTGCTACCAACGCTAAGCAATAA","protein_sequence":"MSEITLGKYLFERLKQVNVNTVFGLPGDFNLSLLDKIYEVEGMRWAGNANELNAAYAADGYARIKGMSCIITTFGVGELSALNGIAGSYAEHVGVLHVVGVPSISAQAKQLLLHHTLGNGDFTVFHRMSANISETTAMITDIATAPAEIDRCIRTTYVTQRPVYLGLPANLVDLNVPAKLLQTPIDMSLKPNDAESEKEVIDTILALVKDAKNPVILADACCSRHDVKAETKKLIDLTQFPAFVTPMGKGSIDEQHPRYGGVYVGTLSKPEVKEAVESADLILSVGALLSDFNTGSFSYSYKTKNIVEFHSDHMKIRNATFPGVQMKFVLQKLLTTIADAAKGYKPVAVPARTPANAAVPASTPLKQEWMWNQLGNFLQEGDVVIAETGTSAFGINQTTFPNNTYGISQVLWGSIGFTTGATLGAAFAAEEIDPKKRVILFIGDGSLQLTVQEISTMIRWGLKPYLFVLNNDGYTIEKLIHGPKAQYNEIQGWDHLSLLPTFGAKDYETHRVATTGEWDKLTQDKSFNDNSKIRMIEIMLPVFDAPQNLVEQAKLTAATNAKQ"},{"created_at":"2011-05-24T21:01:35.000Z","updated_at":"2011-07-22T17:53:43.000Z","name":"Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic","uniprot_id":"P47176","uniprot_name":"BCA2_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"BAT2","num_residues":376,"molecular_weight":"41624.39844","theoretical_pi":"7.36","general_function":"Involved in catalytic activity","specific_function":"Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Involved in cell cycle regulation","reactions":[{"id":1152,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1678,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1712,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2045,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2358,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Mitochondrion matrix;Cytoplasm","altext":"L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2359,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Mitochondrion matrix;Cytoplasm","altext":"2-oxoglutaric acid + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2360,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Mitochondrion matrix;Cytoplasm","altext":"2-oxoglutaric acid + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":14458,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006970","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14459,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006974","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14460,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006978","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Cytoplasm","genbank_gene_id":"Z49648","genbank_protein_id":"1015897","gene_card_id":"BAT2","chromosome_location":"chromosome 10","locus":"YJR148W","synonyms":["BCAT","Protein TWT2"],"enzyme_classes":["2.6.1.42"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups"},{"category":"Function","description":" transaminase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular amino acid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" branched chain family amino acid metabolic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Aminotran_4","identifier":"PF01063"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation","kegg_map_id":"00280"},{"name":"Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":"00290"},{"name":"Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":"00770"},{"name":"Isoleucine degradation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Leucine Degradation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Valine Degradation","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGACCTTGGCACCCCTAGACGCCTCCAAAGTTAAGATAACTACCACACAACATGCATCTAAGCCAAAACCGAACAGTGAGTTAGTGTTTGGCAAGAGCTTCACGGACCACATGTTAACTGCGGAATGGACAGCTGAAAAAGGGTGGGGTACCCCAGAGATTAAACCTTATCAAAATCTGTCTTTAGACCCTTCCGCGGTGGTTTTCCATTATGCTTTTGAGCTATTCGAAGGGATGAAGGCTTACAGAACGGTGGACAACAAAATTACAATGTTTCGTCCAGATATGAATATGAAGCGCATGAATAAGTCTGCTCAGAGAATCTGTTTGCCAACGTTCGACCCAGAAGAGTTGATTACCCTAATTGGGAAACTGATCCAGCAAGATAAGTGCTTAGTTCCTGAAGGAAAAGGTTACTCTTTATATATCAGGCCTACATTAATCGGCACTACGGCCGGTTTAGGGGTTTCCACGCCTGATAGAGCCTTGCTATATGTCATTTGCTGCCCTGTGGGTCCTTATTACAAAACTGGATTTAAGGCGGTCAGACTGGAAGCCACTGATTATGCCACAAGAGCTTGGCCAGGAGGCTGTGGTGACAAGAAACTAGGTGCAAACTACGCCCCCTGCGTCCTGCCACAATTGCAAGCTGCTTCAAGGGGTTACCAACAAAATTTATGGCTATTTGGTCCAAATAACAACATTACTGAAGTCGGCACCATGAATGCTTTTTTCGTGTTTAAAGATAGTAAAACGGGCAAGAAGGAACTAGTTACTGCTCCACTAGACGGTACCATTTTGGAAGGTGTTACTAGGGATTCCATTTTAAATCTTGCTAAAGAAAGACTCGAACCAAGTGAATGGACCATTAGTGAACGCTACTTCACTATAGGCGAAGTTACTGAGAGATCCAAGAACGGTGAACTACTTGAAGCCTTTGGTTCTGGTACTGCTGCGATTGTTTCTCCCATTAAGGAAATCGGCTGGAAAGGCGAACAAATTAATATTCCGTTGTTGCCCGGCGAACAAACCGGTCCATTGGCCAAAGAAGTTGCACAATGGATTAATGGAATCCAATATGGCGAGACTGAGCATGGCAATTGGTCAAGGGTTGTTACTGATTTGAACTGA","protein_sequence":"MTLAPLDASKVKITTTQHASKPKPNSELVFGKSFTDHMLTAEWTAEKGWGTPEIKPYQNLSLDPSAVVFHYAFELFEGMKAYRTVDNKITMFRPDMNMKRMNKSAQRICLPTFDPEELITLIGKLIQQDKCLVPEGKGYSLYIRPTLIGTTAGLGVSTPDRALLYVICCPVGPYYKTGFKAVRLEATDYATRAWPGGCGDKKLGANYAPCVLPQLQAASRGYQQNLWLFGPNNNITEVGTMNAFFVFKDSKTGKKELVTAPLDGTILEGVTRDSILNLAKERLEPSEWTISERYFTIGEVTERSKNGELLEAFGSGTAAIVSPIKEIGWKGEQINIPLLPGEQTGPLAKEVAQWINGIQYGETEHGNWSRVVTDLN"},{"created_at":"2011-05-24T21:06:51.000Z","updated_at":"2011-07-22T17:53:43.000Z","name":"Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial","uniprot_id":"P38891","uniprot_name":"BCA1_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"BAT1","num_residues":393,"molecular_weight":"43595.69922","theoretical_pi":"9.27","general_function":"Involved in catalytic activity","specific_function":"Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Appears to be involved in the regulation of the transition from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle. High copy suppressor of a temperature-sensitive mutation in the ABC transporter, ATM1","reactions":[{"id":1152,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1678,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1712,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2046,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2358,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Mitochondrion matrix;Cytoplasm","altext":"L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2359,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Mitochondrion matrix;Cytoplasm","altext":"2-oxoglutaric acid + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2360,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Mitochondrion matrix;Cytoplasm","altext":"2-oxoglutaric acid + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":14455,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006969","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14456,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006973","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14457,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006977","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Mitochondrion matrix","genbank_gene_id":"AY558111","genbank_protein_id":"45270112","gene_card_id":"BAT1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 8","locus":"YHR208W","synonyms":["BCAT","Protein ECA39","Protein TWT1"],"enzyme_classes":["2.6.1.42"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups"},{"category":"Function","description":" transaminase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular amino acid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" branched chain family amino acid metabolic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Aminotran_4","identifier":"PF01063"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation","kegg_map_id":"00280"},{"name":"Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":"00290"},{"name":"Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":"00770"},{"name":"Isoleucine degradation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Leucine Degradation","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Valine Degradation","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGTTGCAGAGACATTCCTTGAAGTTGGGGAAATTCTCCATCAGAACACTCGCTACTGGTGCCCCATTAGATGCATCCAAACTAAAAATTACTAGAAACCCAAATCCATCCAAGCCAAGACCAAATGAAGAATTAGTGTTCGGCCAGACATTCACCGATCATATGTTGACCATTCCTTGGTCAGCCAAAGAAGGGTGGGGCACTCCACACATCAAGCCTTACGGTAATCTTTCTCTTGACCCATCTGCTTGTGTATTCCATTATGCATTTGAATTATTTGAAGGTTTGAAAGCCTACAGAACTCCTCAAAATACTATCACCATGTTCCGTCCGGATAAGAACATGGCCCGTATGAACAAGTCTGCCGCTAGAATTTGTTTGCCAACTTTCGAATCTGAAGAATTGATCAAACTTACCGGGAAATTGATCGAACAAGATAAACACTTGGTTCCTCAAGGTAATGGTTACTCATTATACATCAGACCAACAATGATTGGTACATCCAAGGGTTTAGGTGTTGGCACTCCCTCCGAGGCTCTTCTTTATGTTATTACTTCTCCAGTCGGTCCTTATTATAAGACTGGTTTCAAAGCCGTACGTCTTGAAGCAACAGACTATGCTACAAGAGCTTGGCCAGGTGGTGTTGGCGACAAAAAATTGGGTGCTAACTATGCCCCATGCATCTTACCTCAACTACAAGCTGCCAAAAGAGGGTACCAACAAAATCTATGGTTGTTCGGCCCAGAAAAGAACATCACTGAGGTTGGTACTATGAACGTGTTCTTCGTTTTCCTCAACAAAGTCACTGGCAAGAAGGAATTGGTTACCGCTCCATTAGATGGTACCATTTTAGAAGGTGTTACCAGAGACTCTGTTTTAACATTGGCTCGTGACAAACTAGATCCTCAAGAATGGGACATCAACGAGCGTTATTACACTATTACTGAAGTCGCCACTAGAGCAAAACAAGGTGAACTATTAGAAGCCTTCGGTTCTGGTACTGCTGCTGTCGTTTCACCTATCAAGGAAATTGGCTGGAACAACGAAGATATTCATGTTCCACTATTGCCTGGTGAACAATGTGGTGCATTGACCAAGCAAGTTGCTCAATGGATTGCTGATATCCAATACGGTAGAGTCAATTATGGTAACTGGTCAAAAACTGTTGCCGACTTGAACTAA","protein_sequence":"MLQRHSLKLGKFSIRTLATGAPLDASKLKITRNPNPSKPRPNEELVFGQTFTDHMLTIPWSAKEGWGTPHIKPYGNLSLDPSACVFHYAFELFEGLKAYRTPQNTITMFRPDKNMARMNKSAARICLPTFESEELIKLTGKLIEQDKHLVPQGNGYSLYIRPTMIGTSKGLGVGTPSEALLYVITSPVGPYYKTGFKAVRLEATDYATRAWPGGVGDKKLGANYAPCILPQLQAAKRGYQQNLWLFGPEKNITEVGTMNVFFVFLNKVTGKKELVTAPLDGTILEGVTRDSVLTLARDKLDPQEWDINERYYTITEVATRAKQGELLEAFGSGTAAVVSPIKEIGWNNEDIHVPLLPGEQCGALTKQVAQWIADIQYGRVNYGNWSKTVADLN"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T02:09:02.000Z","updated_at":"2011-07-22T17:53:49.000Z","name":"Transaminated amino acid decarboxylase","uniprot_id":"Q06408","uniprot_name":"ARO10_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"ARO10","num_residues":635,"molecular_weight":"71383.79688","theoretical_pi":"6.51","general_function":"Involved in magnesium ion binding","specific_function":"One of five 2-oxo acid decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, ARO10, and THI3) involved in amino acid catabolism. The enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of amino acids, which, in a first step, have been transaminated to the corresponding 2-oxo acids (alpha-keto-acids). In a third step, the resulting aldehydes are reduced to alcohols, collectively referred to as fusel oils or alcohols. Its preferred substrates are the transaminated amino acids, phenylalanine, tryptophan, (and probably tyrosine), but also isoleucine, whereas leucine is a low efficiency and valine and pyruvate are no substrates. In analogy to the pyruvate decarboxylases the enzyme may in a side-reaction catalyze condensation (or carboligation) reactions leading to the formation of 2-hydroxy ketone, collectively called acyloins","reactions":[{"id":1186,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1197,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1658,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1841,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2319,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm;Nucleus","altext":"A 2-oxo acid = an aldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2321,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"Phenylpyruvate = phenylacetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2320,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm","altext":"3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate = 2-(indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":14461,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006975","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Cytoplasm","genbank_gene_id":"U28373","genbank_protein_id":"849201","gene_card_id":"ARO10","chromosome_location":"chromosome 4","locus":"YDR380W","synonyms":["Transaminated branched-chain amino acid decarboxylase"],"enzyme_classes":["4.1.1.-","4.1.1.43"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carbon-carbon lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carboxy-lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" cation binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" metal ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" vitamin binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" magnesium ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" thiamin pyrophosphate binding"},{"category":"Process","description":" Not Available"}],"pfams":[{"name":"TPP_enzyme_C","identifier":"PF02775"},{"name":"TPP_enzyme_M","identifier":"PF00205"},{"name":"TPP_enzyme_N","identifier":"PF02776"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Leucine Degradation","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGGCACCTGTTACAATTGAAAAGTTCGTAAATCAAGAAGAACGACACCTTGTTTCCAACCGATCAGCAACAATTCCGTTTGGTGAATACATATTTAAAAGATTGTTGTCCATCGATACGAAATCAGTTTTCGGTGTTCCTGGTGACTTCAACTTATCTCTATTAGAATATCTCTATTCACCTAGTGTTGAATCAGCTGGCCTAAGATGGGTCGGCACGTGTAATGAACTGAACGCCGCTTATGCGGCCGACGGATATTCCCGTTACTCTAATAAGATTGGCTGTTTAATAACCACGTATGGCGTTGGTGAATTAAGCGCCTTGAACGGTATAGCCGGTTCGTTCGCTGAAAATGTCAAAGTTTTGCACATTGTTGGTGTGGCCAAGTCCATAGATTCGCGTTCAAGTAACTTTAGTGATCGGAACCTACATCATTTGGTCCCACAGCTACATGATTCAAATTTTAAAGGGCCAAATCATAAAGTATATCATGATATGGTAAAAGATAGAGTCGCTTGCTCGGTAGCCTACTTGGAGGATATTGAAACTGCATGTGACCAAGTCGATAATGTTATCCGCGATATTTACAAGTATTCTAAACCTGGTTATATTTTTGTTCCTGCAGATTTTGCGGATATGTCTGTTACATGTGATAATTTGGTTAATGTTCCACGTATATCTCAACAAGATTGTATAGTATACCCTTCTGAAAACCAATTGTCTGACATAATCAACAAGATTACTAGTTGGATATATTCCAGTAAAACACCTGCGATCCTTGGAGACGTACTGACTGATAGGTATGGTGTGAGTAACTTTTTGAACAAGCTTATCTGCAAAACTGGGATTTGGAATTTTTCCACTGTTATGGGAAAATCTGTAATTGATGAGTCAAACCCAACTTATATGGGTCAATATAATGGTAAAGAAGGTTTAAAACAAGTCTATGAACATTTTGAACTGTGCGACTTGGTCTTGCATTTTGGAGTCGACATCAATGAAATTAATAATGGGCATTATACTTTTACTTATAAACCAAATGCTAAAATCATTCAATTTCATCCGAATTATATTCGCCTTGTGGACACTAGGCAGGGCAATGAGCAAATGTTCAAAGGAATCAATTTTGCCCCTATTTTAAAAGAACTATACAAGCGCATTGACGTTTCTAAACTTTCTTTGCAATATGATTCAAATGTAACTCAATATACGAACGAAACAATGCGGTTAGAAGATCCTACCAATGGACAATCAAGCATTATTACACAAGTTCACTTACAAAAGACGATGCCTAAATTTTTGAACCCTGGTGATGTTGTCGTTTGTGAAACAGGCTCTTTTCAATTCTCTGTTCGTGATTTCGCGTTTCCTTCGCAATTAAAATATATATCGCAAGGATTTTTCCTTTCCATTGGCATGGCCCTTCCTGCCGCCCTAGGTGTTGGAATTGCCATGCAAGACCACTCAAACGCTCACATCAATGGTGGCAACGTAAAAGAGGACTATAAGCCAAGATTAATTTTGTTTGAAGGTGACGGTGCAGCACAGATGACAATCCAAGAACTGAGCACCATTCTGAAGTGCAATATTCCACTAGAAGTTATCATTTGGAACAATAACGGCTACACTATTGAAAGAGCCATCATGGGCCCTACCAGGTCGTATAACGACGTTATGTCTTGGAAATGGACCAAACTATTTGAAGCATTCGGAGACTTCGACGGAAAGTATACTAATAGCACTCTCATTCAATGTCCCTCTAAATTAGCACTGAAATTGGAGGAGCTTAAGAATTCAAACAAAAGAAGCGGGATAGAACTTTTAGAAGTCAAATTAGGCGAATTGGATTTCCCCGAACAGCTAAAGTGCATGGTTGAAGCAGCGGCACTTAAAAGAAATAAAAAATAG","protein_sequence":"MAPVTIEKFVNQEERHLVSNRSATIPFGEYIFKRLLSIDTKSVFGVPGDFNLSLLEYLYSPSVESAGLRWVGTCNELNAAYAADGYSRYSNKIGCLITTYGVGELSALNGIAGSFAENVKVLHIVGVAKSIDSRSSNFSDRNLHHLVPQLHDSNFKGPNHKVYHDMVKDRVACSVAYLEDIETACDQVDNVIRDIYKYSKPGYIFVPADFADMSVTCDNLVNVPRISQQDCIVYPSENQLSDIINKITSWIYSSKTPAILGDVLTDRYGVSNFLNKLICKTGIWNFSTVMGKSVIDESNPTYMGQYNGKEGLKQVYEHFELCDLVLHFGVDINEINNGHYTFTYKPNAKIIQFHPNYIRLVDTRQGNEQMFKGINFAPILKELYKRIDVSKLSLQYDSNVTQYTNETMRLEDPTNGQSSIITQVHLQKTMPKFLNPGDVVVCETGSFQFSVRDFAFPSQLKYISQGFFLSIGMALPAALGVGIAMQDHSNAHINGGNVKEDYKPRLILFEGDGAAQMTIQELSTILKCNIPLEVIIWNNNGYTIERAIMGPTRSYNDVMSWKWTKLFEAFGDFDGKYTNSTLIQCPSKLALKLEELKNSNKRSGIELLEVKLGELDFPEQLKCMVEAAALKRNKK"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T05:26:40.000Z","updated_at":"2011-07-22T17:54:38.000Z","name":"Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, mitochondrial","uniprot_id":"P39522","uniprot_name":"ILV3_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"ILV3","num_residues":585,"molecular_weight":"62860.60156","theoretical_pi":"7.92","general_function":"Involved in metabolic process","specific_function":"2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate = 3-methyl-2- oxobutanoate + H(2)O","reactions":[{"id":1463,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1464,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2772,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Mitochondrion","altext":"2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + H(2)O.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":14224,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006662","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14225,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006762","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":14226,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006772","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Mitochondrion","genbank_gene_id":"X87611","genbank_protein_id":"854590","gene_card_id":"ILV3","chromosome_location":"chromosome 10","locus":"YJR016C","synonyms":["DAD","2,3-dihydroxy acid hydrolyase"],"enzyme_classes":["4.2.1.9"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carbon-oxygen lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" hydro-lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" dihydroxy-acid dehydratase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular amino acid metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular amino acid biosynthetic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" branched chain family amino acid biosynthetic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"ILVD_EDD","identifier":"PF00920"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":"00290"},{"name":"Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis","kegg_map_id":"00770"}],"gene_sequence":"ATGGGCTTGTTAACGAAAGTTGCTACATCTAGACAATTCTCTACAACGAGATGCGTTGCAAAGAAGCTCAACAAGTACTCGTATATCATCACTGAACCTAAGGGCCAAGGTGCGTCCCAGGCCATGCTTTATGCCACCGGTTTCAAGAAGGAAGATTTCAAGAAGCCTCAAGTCGGGGTTGGTTCCTGTTGGTGGTCCGGTAACCCATGTAACATGCATCTATTGGACTTGAATAACAGATGTTCTCAATCCATTGAAAAAGCGGGTTTGAAAGCTATGCAGTTCAACACCATCGGTGTTTCAGACGGTATCTCTATGGGTACTAAAGGTATGAGATACTCGTTACAAAGTAGAGAAATCATTGCAGACTCCTTTGAAACCATCATGATGGCACAACACTACGATGCTAACATCGCCATCCCATCATGTGACAAAAACATGCCCGGTGTCATGATGGCCATGGGTAGACATAACAGACCTTCCATCATGGTATATGGTGGTACTATCTTGCCCGGTCATCCAACATGTGGTTCTTCGAAGATCTCTAAAAACATCGATATCGTCTCTGCGTTCCAATCCTACGGTGAATATATTTCCAAGCAATTCACTGAAGAAGAAAGAGAAGATGTTGTGGAACATGCATGCCCAGGTCCTGGTTCTTGTGGTGGTATGTATACTGCCAACACAATGGCTTCTGCCGCTGAAGTGCTAGGTTTGACCATTCCAAACTCCTCTTCCTTCCCAGCCGTTTCCAAGGAGAAGTTAGCTGAGTGTGACAACATTGGTGAATACATCAAGAAGACAATGGAATTGGGTATTTTACCTCGTGATATCCTCACAAAAGAGGCTTTTGAAAACGCCATTACTTATGTCGTTGCAACCGGTGGGTCCACTAATGCTGTTTTGCATTTGGTGGCTGTTGCTCACTCTGCGGGTGTCAAGTTGTCACCAGATGATTTCCAAAGAATCAGTGATACTACACCATTGATCGGTGACTTCAAACCTTCTGGTAAATACGTCATGGCCGATTTGATTAACGTTGGTGGTACCCAATCTGTGATTAAGTATCTATATGAAAACAACATGTTGCACGGTAACACAATGACTGTTACCGGTGACACTTTGGCAGAACGTGCAAAGAAAGCACCAAGCCTACCTGAAGGACAAGAGATTATTAAGCCACTCTCCCACCCAATCAAGGCCAACGGTCACTTGCAAATTCTGTACGGTTCATTGGCACCAGGTGGAGCTGTGGGTAAAATTACCGGTAAGGAAGGTACTTACTTCAAGGGTAGAGCACGTGTGTTCGAAGAGGAAGGTGCCTTTATTGAAGCCTTGGAAAGAGGTGAAATCAAGAAGGGTGAAAAAACCGTTGTTGTTATCAGATATGAAGGTCCAAGAGGTGCACCAGGTATGCCTGAAATGCTAAAGCCTTCCTCTGCTCTGATGGGTTACGGTTTGGGTAAAGATGTTGCATTGTTGACTGATGGTAGATTCTCTGGTGGTTCTCACGGGTTCTTAATCGGCCACATTGTTCCCGAAGCCGCTGAAGGTGGTCCTATCGGGTTGGTCAGAGACGGCGATGAGATTATCATTGATGCTGATAATAACAAGATTGACCTATTAGTCTCTGATAAGGAAATGGCTCAACGTAAACAAAGTTGGGTTGCACCTCCACCTCGTTACACAAGAGGTACTCTATCCAAGTATGCTAAGTTGGTTTCCAACGCTTCCAACGGTTGTGTTTTAGATGCTTGA","protein_sequence":"MGLLTKVATSRQFSTTRCVAKKLNKYSYIITEPKGQGASQAMLYATGFKKEDFKKPQVGVGSCWWSGNPCNMHLLDLNNRCSQSIEKAGLKAMQFNTIGVSDGISMGTKGMRYSLQSREIIADSFETIMMAQHYDANIAIPSCDKNMPGVMMAMGRHNRPSIMVYGGTILPGHPTCGSSKISKNIDIVSAFQSYGEYISKQFTEEEREDVVEHACPGPGSCGGMYTANTMASAAEVLGLTIPNSSSFPAVSKEKLAECDNIGEYIKKTMELGILPRDILTKEAFENAITYVVATGGSTNAVLHLVAVAHSAGVKLSPDDFQRISDTTPLIGDFKPSGKYVMADLINVGGTQSVIKYLYENNMLHGNTMTVTGDTLAERAKKAPSLPEGQEIIKPLSHPIKANGHLQILYGSLAPGGAVGKITGKEGTYFKGRARVFEEEGAFIEALERGEIKKGEKTVVVIRYEGPRGAPGMPEMLKPSSALMGYGLGKDVALLTDGRFSGGSHGFLIGHIVPEAAEGGPIGLVRDGDEIIIDADNNKIDLLVSDKEMAQRKQSWVAPPPRYTRGTLSKYAKLVSNASNGCVLDA"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T08:04:35.000Z","updated_at":"2011-07-22T17:53:49.000Z","name":"Thiamine metabolism regulatory protein THI3","uniprot_id":"Q07471","uniprot_name":"THI3_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"THI3","num_residues":609,"molecular_weight":"68365.79688","theoretical_pi":"6.33","general_function":"Involved in magnesium ion binding","specific_function":"One of five 2-oxo acid decarboxylases (PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, ARO10, and THI3) involved in amino acid catabolism. The enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of amino acids, which, in a first step, have been transaminated to the corresponding 2-oxo acids (alpha-keto-acids). In a third step, the resulting aldehydes are reduced to alcohols, collectively referred to as fusel oils or alcohols. Its preferred substrates are the transaminated amino acids leucine and isoleucine, whereas valine, aromatic amino acids, and pyruvate are no substrates. In analogy to the pyruvate decarboxylases the enzyme may in a side-reaction catalyze condensation (or carboligation) reactions leading to the formation of 2-hydroxy ketone, collectively called acyloins. The enzyme is also positively regulating the thiamine metabolism by a molecular mechanism that may involve thiamine concentration sensing and signal transmission","reactions":[{"id":1186,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":1197,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2319,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm. Nucleus;Cytoplasm;Nucleus","altext":"A 2-oxo acid = an aldehyde + CO(2).","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":14461,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006975","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Nucleus","genbank_gene_id":"Z74128","genbank_protein_id":"1431100","gene_card_id":"THI3","chromosome_location":"chromosome 4","locus":"YDL080C","synonyms":["Keto isocaproate decarboxylase KID1"],"enzyme_classes":["4.1.1.-"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carbon-carbon lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" carboxy-lyase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" cation binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" metal ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" vitamin binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" magnesium ion binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" thiamin pyrophosphate binding"},{"category":"Process","description":" Not Available"}],"pfams":[{"name":"TPP_enzyme_C","identifier":"PF02775"},{"name":"TPP_enzyme_M","identifier":"PF00205"},{"name":"TPP_enzyme_N","identifier":"PF02776"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Leucine Degradation","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGAATTCTAGCTATACACAGAGATATGCACTGCCGAAGTGTATAGCAATATCAGATTATCTTTTCCATCGGCTCAACCAGCTGAACATACATACCATATTTGGACTCTCCGGAGAATTTAGCATGCCGTTGCTGGATAAACTATACAACATTCCGAACTTACGATGGGCCGGTAATTCTAATGAGTTAAATGCTGCCTACGCAGCAGATGGATACTCACGACTAAAAGGCTTGGGATGTCTCATAACAACCTTTGGTGTAGGCGAATTATCGGCAATCAATGGCGTGGCCGGATCTTACGCTGAACATGTAGGAATACTTCACATAGTGGGTATGCCGCCAACAAGTGCACAAACGAAACAACTACTACTGCATCATACTCTGGGCAATGGTGATTTCACGGTATTTCATAGAATAGCCAGTGATGTAGCATGCTATACAACATTGATTATTGACTCTGAATTATGTGCCGACGAAGTCGATAAGTGCATCAAAAAGGCTTGGATAGAACAGAGGCCAGTATACATGGGCATGCCTGTCAACCAGGTAAATCTCCCGATTGAATCAGCAAGGCTTAATACACCTCTGGATTTACAATTGCATAAAAACGACCCAGACGTAGAGAAAGAAGTTATTTCTCGAATATTGAGTTTTATATACAAAAGCCAGAATCCGGCAATCATCGTAGATGCATGTACTAGTCGACAGAATTTAATCGAGGAGACTAAAGAGCTTTGTAATAGGCTTAAATTTCCAGTTTTTGTTACACCTATGGGTAAGGGTACAGTAAACGAAACAGACCCGCAATTTGGGGGCGTATTCACGGGCTCGATATCAGCCCCAGAAGTAAGAGAAGTAGTTGATTTTGCCGATTTTATCATCGTCATTGGTTGCATGCTCTCCGAATTCAGCACGTCAACTTTCCACTTCCAATATAAAACTAAGAATTGTGCGCTACTATATTCTACATCTGTGAAATTGAAAAATGCCACATATCCTGACTTGAGCATTAAATTACTACTACAGAAAATATTAGCAAATCTTGATGAATCTAAACTGTCTTACCAACCAAGCGAACAACCCAGTATGATGGTTCCAAGACCTTACCCAGCAGGAAATGTCCTCTTGAGACAAGAATGGGTCTGGAATGAAATATCCCATTGGTTCCAACCAGGTGACATAATCATAACAGAAACTGGTGCTTCTGCATTTGGAGTTAACCAGACCAGATTTCCGGTAAATACACTAGGTATTTCGCAAGCTCTTTGGGGATCTGTCGGATATACAATGGGGGCGTGTCTTGGGGCAGAATTTGCTGTTCAAGAGATAAACAAGGATAAATTCCCCGCAACTAAACATAGAGTTATTCTGTTTATGGGTGACGGTGCTTTCCAATTGACAGTTCAAGAATTATCCACAATTGTTAAGTGGGGATTGACACCTTATATTTTTGTGATGAATAACCAAGGTTACTCTGTGGACAGGTTTTTGCATCACAGGTCAGATGCTAGTTATTACGATATCCAACCTTGGAACTACTTGGGATTATTGCGAGTATTTGGTTGCACGAACTACGAAACGAAAAAAATTATTACTGTTGGAGAATTCAGATCCATGATCAGTGACCCAAACTTTGCGACCAATGACAAAATTCGGATGATAGAGATTATGCTACCACCAAGGGATGTTCCACAGGCTCTGCTTGACAGGTGGGTGGTAGAAAAAGAACAGAGCAAACAAGTGCAAGAGGAGAACGAAAATTCTAGCGCAGTAAATACGCCAACTCCAGAATTCCAACCACTTCTAAAAAAAAATCAAGTTGGATACTGA","protein_sequence":"MNSSYTQRYALPKCIAISDYLFHRLNQLNIHTIFGLSGEFSMPLLDKLYNIPNLRWAGNSNELNAAYAADGYSRLKGLGCLITTFGVGELSAINGVAGSYAEHVGILHIVGMPPTSAQTKQLLLHHTLGNGDFTVFHRIASDVACYTTLIIDSELCADEVDKCIKKAWIEQRPVYMGMPVNQVNLPIESARLNTPLDLQLHKNDPDVEKEVISRILSFIYKSQNPAIIVDACTSRQNLIEETKELCNRLKFPVFVTPMGKGTVNETDPQFGGVFTGSISAPEVREVVDFADFIIVIGCMLSEFSTSTFHFQYKTKNCALLYSTSVKLKNATYPDLSIKLLLQKILANLDESKLSYQPSEQPSMMVPRPYPAGNVLLRQEWVWNEISHWFQPGDIIITETGASAFGVNQTRFPVNTLGISQALWGSVGYTMGACLGAEFAVQEINKDKFPATKHRVILFMGDGAFQLTVQELSTIVKWGLTPYIFVMNNQGYSVDRFLHHRSDASYYDIQPWNYLGLLRVFGCTNYETKKIITVGEFRSMISDPNFATNDKIRMIEIMLPPRDVPQALLDRWVVEKEQSKQVQEENENSSAVNTPTPEFQPLLKKNQVGY"}]}