{"ymdb_id":"YMDB00057","created_at":"2011-05-29T15:52:40.000Z","updated_at":"2016-10-18T17:11:16.000Z","name":"Oxidized glutathione","cas":"27025-41-8","state":"Solid","melting_point":"","description":"Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain. It is an antioxidant and a coenzyme in various enzymatic reactions. Glutathione exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) states. Glutathione is found almost exclusively in its reduced form, since the enzyme that reverts it from its oxidized form, glutathione reductase, is constitutively active and inducible upon oxidative stress.","experimental_water_solubility":"","experimental_logp_hydrophobicity":"","location":"extracellular;mitochondrion;cytoplasm","synthesis_reference":"Saito, Susumu; Nishijima, Kunihide; Kataoka, Katsuyuki; Aoyanagi, Yoshinori; Fukuda, Yoji; Ito, Homare.  Manufacture of oxidized glutathione from reduced glutathione with ascorbic acid and ascorbate oxidase.    Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho  (1995),     4 pp.","chebi_id":"17858","hmdb_id":"HMDB03337","kegg_id":"C00127","pubchem_id":"975","cs_id":"950","foodb_id":null,"wikipedia_link":"Glutathione","biocyc_id":"OXIDIZED-GLUTATHIONE","iupac":"2-amino-4-[(2-{[2-(4-amino-4-carboxybutanamido)-2-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]disulfanyl}-1-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl)carbamoyl]butanoic acid","traditional_iupac":"oxiglutatione","logp":"-10.109054127323455","pka":"2.0279192452272095","alogps_solubility":"4.06e-01 g/l","alogps_logp":"-3.60","alogps_logs":"-3.18","acceptor_count":"14","donor_count":"10","rotatable_bond_count":"21","polar_surface_area":"317.63999999999993","refractivity":"136.65439999999995","polarizability":"58.43401956406052","formal_charge":"0","physiological_charge":"-2","pka_strongest_basic":"9.613061090727257","pka_strongest_acidic":"1.4383679148014101","bioavailability":"0","number_of_rings":"0","rule_of_five":"0","ghose_filter":"0","veber_rule":"0","mddr_like_rule":"0","synonyms":["(2S)-2-Azaniumyl-4-{[(1R)-2-{[(2R)-2-[(4S)-4-azaniumyl-4-carboxylatobutanamido]-2-[(carboxylatomethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]disulfanyl}-1-[(carboxylatomethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]carbamoyl}butanoate","glutathione","Glutathione disulfide","glutathione disulphide","glutathione ox","glutathione oxidized","GSH","GSSG","l-glutathione oxidized","L(-)-Glutathione(oxidized)","oxidised glutathione","Oxidized glutathione","OXIDIZED GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE","OXIDIZED-GLUTATHIONE","Oxiglutatione"],"pathways":[{"name":"Glutathione metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00480"},{"name":"Pyruvate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00620"}],"growth_conditions":[{"growth_media":"YPD medium/SC medium","concentration":"94.3552","concentration_units":"\u0026#181;M","error":"4.1024"}],"references":[{"pubmed_id":21051339,"citation":"UniProt Consortium (2011). \"Ongoing and future developments at the Universal Protein Resource.\" Nucleic Acids Res 39:D214-D219."},{"pubmed_id":8930901,"citation":"Muller, E. G. (1996). \"A glutathione reductase mutant of yeast accumulates high levels of oxidized glutathione and requires thioredoxin for growth.\" Mol Biol Cell 7:1805-1813."},{"pubmed_id":21062828,"citation":"Scheer, M., Grote, A., Chang, A., Schomburg, I., Munaretto, C., Rother, M., Sohngen, C., Stelzer, M., Thiele, J., Schomburg, D. (2011). \"BRENDA, the enzyme information system in 2011.\" Nucleic Acids Res 39:D670-D676."},{"pubmed_id":18846089,"citation":"Herrgard, M. J., Swainston, N., Dobson, P., Dunn, W. B., Arga, K. Y., Arvas, M., Bluthgen, N., Borger, S., Costenoble, R., Heinemann, M., Hucka, M., Le Novere, N., Li, P., Liebermeister, W., Mo, M. L., Oliveira, A. P., Petranovic, D., Pettifer, S., Simeonidis, E., Smallbone, K., Spasic, I., Weichart, D., Brent, R., Broomhead, D. S., Westerhoff, H. V., Kirdar, B., Penttila, M., Klipp, E., Palsson, B. O., Sauer, U., Oliver, S. G., Mendes, P., Nielsen, J., Kell, D. B. (2008). \"A consensus yeast metabolic network reconstruction obtained from a community approach to systems biology.\" Nat Biotechnol 26:1155-1160."},{"pubmed_id":14672937,"citation":"Outten, C. E., Culotta, V. C. (2004). \"Alternative start sites in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GLR1 gene are responsible for mitochondrial and cytosolic isoforms of glutathione reductase.\" J Biol Chem 279:7785-7791."},{"pubmed_id":15277542,"citation":"Ostergaard, H., Tachibana, C., Winther, J. R. (2004). \"Monitoring disulfide bond formation in the eukaryotic cytosol.\" J Cell Biol 166:337-345."}],"proteins":[{"created_at":"2011-05-24T19:11:10.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-29T14:08:02.000Z","name":"Glutathione peroxidase 2","uniprot_id":"P38143","uniprot_name":"GPX2_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"GPX2","num_residues":162,"molecular_weight":"18406.0","theoretical_pi":"8.84","general_function":"Involved in glutathione peroxidase activity","specific_function":"May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses","reactions":[{"id":1584,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2240,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"","altext":"2 glutathione + H(2)O(2) = glutathione disulfide + 2 H(2)O.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2241,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm","altext":"2 glutathione + a lipid hydroperoxide = glutathione disulfide + lipid + H2O","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":null,"genbank_gene_id":"AY557641","genbank_protein_id":"45269175","gene_card_id":"GPX2","chromosome_location":"chromosome 2","locus":"YBR244W","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["1.11.1.9","1.11.1.12"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" antioxidant activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" peroxidase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" glutathione peroxidase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxidation reduction"},{"category":"Process","description":" response to stimulus"},{"category":"Process","description":" response to stress"},{"category":"Process","description":" response to oxidative stress"}],"pfams":[{"name":"GSHPx","identifier":"PF00255"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Glutathione metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00480"},{"name":"Arachidonic acid metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00590"}],"gene_sequence":"ATGACCACATCTTTTTATGATTTAGAATGCAAGGACAAGAAAGGCGAATCTTTTAAGTTTGACCAACTGAAAGGCAAAGTAGTTCTCATAGTTAATGTTGCCTCCAAGTGCGGCTTCACGCCGCAGTATAAAGAATTGGAAGAACTATACAAAAAATATCAAGATAAGGGGTTTGTTATTTTGGGGTTCCCATGTAATCAGTTCGGGAAGCAGGAACCGGGCTCTGATGAACAAATTACGGAATTTTGCCAGTTGAATTATGGCGTTACATTCCCAATTATGAAGAAGATTGATGTTAACGGAAGTAATGCTGACTCTGTCTATAATTATTTGAAAAGCCAAAAAGCAGGTTTACTAGGTTTCAAGGGTATCAAATGGAATTTTGAAAAGTTCTTAGTTGATTCCAATGGTAAGGTTGTCCAAAGATTTTCCTCCTTAACAAAACCATCGTCCTTGGACCAAGAAATCCAAAGCCTGTTAAGTAAATGA","protein_sequence":"MTTSFYDLECKDKKGESFKFDQLKGKVVLIVNVASKCGFTPQYKELEELYKKYQDKGFVILGFPCNQFGKQEPGSDEQITEFCQLNYGVTFPIMKKIDVNGSNADSVYNYLKSQKAGLLGFKGIKWNFEKFLVDSNGKVVQRFSSLTKPSSLDQEIQSLLSK"},{"created_at":"2011-05-26T16:47:52.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-27T15:01:00.000Z","name":"Glutathione reductase","uniprot_id":"P41921","uniprot_name":"GSHR_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"GLR1","num_residues":483,"molecular_weight":"53440.60156","theoretical_pi":"7.96","general_function":"Involved in oxidoreductase activity","specific_function":"Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol","reactions":[{"id":2445,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm","altext":"2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":3693,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R003279","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":3694,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006559","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":3695,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006560","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":3696,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R006561","source":"Smpdb"},{"id":3699,"direction":"\u003e","locations":null,"altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":"PW_R003282","source":"Smpdb"}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Cytoplasm","genbank_gene_id":"U43281","genbank_protein_id":"1151235","gene_card_id":"GLR1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 16","locus":"YPL091W","synonyms":["GR","GRase"],"enzyme_classes":["1.8.1.7"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" cell part"},{"category":"Component","description":" intracellular part"},{"category":"Component","description":" cytoplasm"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" NADP or NADPH binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors"},{"category":"Function","description":" disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" peptide disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" nucleoside binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" purine nucleoside binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" glutathione-disulfide reductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" adenyl nucleotide binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" nucleotide binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" FAD or FADH2 binding"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular process"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular homeostasis"},{"category":"Process","description":" cell redox homeostasis"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxidation reduction"},{"category":"Process","description":" peptide metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" glutathione metabolic process"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Pyr_redox","identifier":"PF00070"},{"name":"Pyr_redox_2","identifier":"PF07992"},{"name":"Pyr_redox_dim","identifier":"PF02852"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Glutathione metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00480"},{"name":"Citric Acid Cycle 1434561204","kegg_map_id":null},{"name":"Pyruvate metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00620"},{"name":"TCA Cycle","kegg_map_id":null}],"gene_sequence":"ATGCTTTCTGCAACCAAACAAACATTTAGAAGTCTACAGATAAGAACTATGTCCACGAACACCAAGCATTACGATTACCTCGTCATCGGGGGTGGCTCAGGGGGTGTTGCTTCCGCAAGAAGAGCTGCATCTTATGGTGCGAAGACATTACTAGTTGAAGCTAAGGCTCTTGGTGGTACCTGTGTTAACGTGGGTTGTGTTCCGAAGAAAGTCATGTGGTATGCTTCTGACCTCGCTACTAGAGTATCCCATGCAAATGAATATGGATTATATCAGAATCTTCCATTAGATAAAGAGCATTTGACTTTTAATTGGCCAGAATTTAAGCAGAAAAGGGATGCTTATGTCCATAGGTTGAACGGTATATACCAGAAGAATTTAGAAAAAGAAAAAGTGGATGTTGTATTTGGATGGGCTAGATTCAATAAGGACGGTAATGTTGAAGTTCAGAAAAGGGATAATACTACTGAAGTTTACTCCGCTAACCATATTTTAGTTGCGACCGGTGGAAAGGCTATTTTCCCCGAAAACATTCCAGGTTTCGAATTAGGTACTGATTCTGATGGGTTCTTTAGATTGGAAGAACAACCTAAGAAAGTTGTTGTTGTTGGCGCTGGTTATATTGGTATTGAGCTAGCAGGTGTGTTCCATGGGCTGGGATCCGAAACGCACTTGGTAATTAGAGGTGAAACTGTCTTGAGAAAATTTGATGAATGCATCCAGAACACTATTACTGACCATTACGTAAAGGAAGGCATCAACGTTCATAAACTATCCAAAATTGTTAAGGTGGAGAAAAATGTAGAAACTGACAAACTGAAAATACATATGAATGACTCAAAGTCCATCGATGACGTTGACGAATTAATTTGGACAATTGGACGTAAATCCCATCTAGGTATGGGTTCAGAAAATGTAGGTATAAAGCTGAACTCTCATGACCAAATAATTGCTGATGAATATCAGAACACCAATGTTCCAAACATTTATTCTCTAGGTGACGTTGTTGGAAAAGTTGAATTGACACCTGTCGCTATTGCAGCGGGCAGAAAGCTGTCTAATAGACTGTTTGGTCCAGAGAAATTCCGTAATGACAAACTAGATTACGAGAACGTCCCCAGCGTAATTTTCTCACATCCTGAAGCCGGTTCCATTGGTATTTCTGAGAAGGAAGCCATTGAAAAGTACGGTAAGGAGAATATAAAGGTCTACAATTCCAAATTTACCGCCATGTACTATGCTATGTTGAGTGAGAAATCACCCACAAGATATAAAATTGTTTGTGCGGGACCAAATGAAAAGGTTGTCGGTCTGCACATTGTTGGTGATTCCTCTGCAGAAATCTTGCAAGGGTTCGGTGTTGCTATAAAGATGGGTGCCACTAAGGCTGATTTCGATAATTGTGTTGCTATTCATCCGACTAGCGCAGAAGAATTGGTTACTATGAGATGA","protein_sequence":"MLSATKQTFRSLQIRTMSTNTKHYDYLVIGGGSGGVASARRAASYGAKTLLVEAKALGGTCVNVGCVPKKVMWYASDLATRVSHANEYGLYQNLPLDKEHLTFNWPEFKQKRDAYVHRLNGIYQKNLEKEKVDVVFGWARFNKDGNVEVQKRDNTTEVYSANHILVATGGKAIFPENIPGFELGTDSDGFFRLEEQPKKVVVVGAGYIGIELAGVFHGLGSETHLVIRGETVLRKFDECIQNTITDHYVKEGINVHKLSKIVKVEKNVETDKLKIHMNDSKSIDDVDELIWTIGRKSHLGMGSENVGIKLNSHDQIIADEYQNTNVPNIYSLGDVVGKVELTPVAIAAGRKLSNRLFGPEKFRNDKLDYENVPSVIFSHPEAGSIGISEKEAIEKYGKENIKVYNSKFTAMYYAMLSEKSPTRYKIVCAGPNEKVVGLHIVGDSSAEILQGFGVAIKMGATKADFDNCVAIHPTSAEELVTMR"},{"created_at":"2011-05-26T16:48:31.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-29T14:08:01.000Z","name":"Glutathione peroxidase 1","uniprot_id":"P36014","uniprot_name":"GPX1_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"GPX1","num_residues":167,"molecular_weight":"19484.5","theoretical_pi":"8.57","general_function":"Involved in glutathione peroxidase activity","specific_function":"May constitute a glutathione peroxidase-like protective system against oxidative stresses","reactions":[{"id":1584,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2240,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"","altext":"2 glutathione + H(2)O(2) = glutathione disulfide + 2 H(2)O.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2241,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm","altext":"2 glutathione + a lipid hydroperoxide = glutathione disulfide + lipid + H2O","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":null,"genbank_gene_id":"AY557895","genbank_protein_id":"45269681","gene_card_id":"GPX1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 11","locus":"YKL026C","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":["1.11.1.9","1.11.1.12"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" antioxidant activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" peroxidase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" glutathione peroxidase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxidation reduction"},{"category":"Process","description":" response to stimulus"},{"category":"Process","description":" response to stress"},{"category":"Process","description":" response to oxidative stress"}],"pfams":[{"name":"GSHPx","identifier":"PF00255"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Glutathione metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00480"},{"name":"Arachidonic acid metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00590"}],"gene_sequence":"ATGCAAGAATTTTATTCTTTTTCACCAATAGATGAAAACGGAAATCCATTCCCCTTCAACTCCCTGCGTAACAAAGTGGTTTTGATAGTCAATGTAGCATCTCATTGTGCGTTCACACCTCAATACAAGGAATTAGAGTACTTGTACGAAAAATACAAATCACATGGTCTAGTGATTGTGGCCTTTCCCTGTGGTCAATTCGGAAATCAAGAGTTCGAGAAGGATAAAGAGATTAATAAGTTCTGTCAAGATAAATATGGTGTAACCTTCCCTATTCTACATAAGATCCGTTGCAACGGGCAAAAGCAAGATCCCGTCTACAAGTTCTTAAAGAATTCAGTAAGCGGGAAGTCTGGAATAAAAATGATAAAATGGAATTTTGAAAAGTTTGTGGTAGACCGAAATGGGAAGGTGGTTAAAAGGTTTTCATGCATGACTAGGCCACTAGAGCTTTGTCCAATAATCGAAGAATTACTGAATCAACCACCAGAAGAACAGATTTAA","protein_sequence":"MQEFYSFSPIDENGNPFPFNSLRNKVVLIVNVASHCAFTPQYKELEYLYEKYKSHGLVIVAFPCGQFGNQEFEKDKEINKFCQDKYGVTFPILHKIRCNGQKQDPVYKFLKNSVSGKSGIKMIKWNFEKFVVDRNGKVVKRFSCMTRPLELCPIIEELLNQPPEEQI"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T02:58:20.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-27T15:01:19.000Z","name":"Monothiol glutaredoxin-5, mitochondrial","uniprot_id":"Q02784","uniprot_name":"GLRX5_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"GRX5","num_residues":150,"molecular_weight":"16931.30078","theoretical_pi":"4.54","general_function":"Involved in electron carrier activity","specific_function":"Monothiol glutaredoxin involved in iron-sulfur biogenesis. Required for normal iron homeostasis. Protects cells against oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen species","reactions":[{"id":1584,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Mitochondrion matrix","genbank_gene_id":"U39205","genbank_protein_id":"1079683","gene_card_id":"GRX5","chromosome_location":"chromosome 16","locus":"YPL059W","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":[],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" electron carrier activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors"},{"category":"Function","description":" disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular homeostasis"},{"category":"Process","description":" cell redox homeostasis"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Glutaredoxin","identifier":"PF00462"}],"pathways":[],"gene_sequence":"ATGTTTCTCCCAAAATTCAATCCCATAAGGTCATTTTCCCCCATCCTCCGGGCTAAGACTCTTCTTCGTTACCAAAATCGGATGTATTTGAGCACAGAGATAAGAAAAGCTATTGAAGATGCCATCGAATCGGCTCCAGTGGTTCTTTTCATGAAAGGTACTCCTGAATTTCCCAAGTGTGGATTTTCAAGAGCAACCATTGGATTATTAGGAAATCAAGGCGTTGACCCGGCCAAATTTGCGGCTTATAATGTTTTAGAAGACCCAGAGCTACGTGAAGGTATCAAAGAGTTTTCAGAATGGCCAACTATTCCACAGTTATATGTAAACAAAGAATTCATTGGTGGATGTGATGTTATTACAAGTATGGCACGCTCTGGTGAATTGGCCGATTTGCTAGAAGAGGCACAGGCATTGGTACCTGAAGAAGAAGAAGAAACCAAAGATCGTTGA","protein_sequence":"MFLPKFNPIRSFSPILRAKTLLRYQNRMYLSTEIRKAIEDAIESAPVVLFMKGTPEFPKCGFSRATIGLLGNQGVDPAKFAAYNVLEDPELREGIKEFSEWPTIPQLYVNKEFIGGCDVITSMARSGELADLLEEAQALVPEEEEETKDR"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T02:58:52.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-29T14:08:01.000Z","name":"Peroxiredoxin HYR1","uniprot_id":"P40581","uniprot_name":"GPX3_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"HYR1","num_residues":163,"molecular_weight":"18641.40039","theoretical_pi":"8.42","general_function":"Involved in glutathione peroxidase activity","specific_function":"Involved in oxidative stress response and redox homeostasis. Functions as a sensor and transducer of hydroperoxide stress. In response to hydroperoxide stress it oxidizes (activates) the transcription activator YAP1, which is involved in transcription activation of genes of the oxidative stress response pathway. May also play a direct role in hydroperoxide scavenging, being the most active of three closely related S.cerevisiae peroxiredoxins (GPX1, GPX2, and HYP1/GPX3) with respect to peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide reduction. The three enzymes are not required for the glutaredoxin-mediated antioxidant function. In the presence of peroxides, HYP1 is directly oxidized at Cys-36 to form a cysteine sulfenic acid (-SOH). Cys-36-SOH then forms either an intramolecular disulfide bond (Cys-36 with Cys-82) or a transient, intermolecular disulfide bond with 'Cys-598' of YAP1, which is further resolved into a YAP1 intramolecular disulfide bond ('Cys-303' with 'Cys-598') and a reduced Cys-36 in HYP1/GPX3","reactions":[{"id":1584,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2701,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Nucleus. Chromosome, telomere (Potential);Cytoplasm;Mitochondrion","altext":"2 R'-SH + ROOH = R'-S-S-R' + H(2)O + ROH.","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null},{"id":2241,"direction":"\u003e","locations":"Cytoplasm","altext":"2 glutathione + a lipid hydroperoxide = glutathione disulfide + lipid + H2O","export":false,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Cytoplasm","genbank_gene_id":"U22446","genbank_protein_id":"727367","gene_card_id":"HYR1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 9","locus":"YIR037W","synonyms":["Glutathione peroxidase 3","Hydrogen peroxide resistance protein 1","Oxidant receptor peroxidase 1","Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase 3","PHGPx3"],"enzyme_classes":["1.11.1.15","1.11.1.12"],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" antioxidant activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" peroxidase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" glutathione peroxidase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" metabolic process"},{"category":"Process","description":" oxidation reduction"},{"category":"Process","description":" response to stimulus"},{"category":"Process","description":" response to stress"},{"category":"Process","description":" response to oxidative stress"}],"pfams":[{"name":"GSHPx","identifier":"PF00255"}],"pathways":[{"name":"Glutathione metabolism","kegg_map_id":"00480"}],"gene_sequence":"ATGTCAGAATTCTATAAGCTAGCACCTGTTGACAAGAAAGGCCAACCATTCCCCTTCGACCAATTAAAGGGAAAAGTGGTGCTTATCGTTAATGTTGCCTCCAAATGTGGATTCACTCCTCAATACAAAGAACTAGAGGCCTTGTACAAACGTTATAAGGACGAAGGATTTACCATCATCGGGTTCCCATGCAACCAGTTTGGCCACCAAGAACCTGGCTCTGATGAAGAAATTGCCCAGTTCTGCCAACTGAACTATGGCGTGACTTTCCCCATTATGAAAAAAATTGACGTTAATGGTGGCAATGAGGACCCTGTTTACAAGTTTTTGAAGAGCCAAAAATCCGGTATGTTGGGCTTGAGAGGTATCAAATGGAATTTTGAAAAATTCTTAGTCGATAAAAAGGGTAAAGTGTACGAAAGATACTCTTCACTAACCAAACCTTCTTCGTTGTCCGAAACCATCGAAGAACTTTTGAAAGAGGTGGAATAG","protein_sequence":"MSEFYKLAPVDKKGQPFPFDQLKGKVVLIVNVASKCGFTPQYKELEALYKRYKDEGFTIIGFPCNQFGHQEPGSDEEIAQFCQLNYGVTFPIMKKIDVNGGNEDPVYKFLKSQKSGMLGLRGIKWNFEKFLVDKKGKVYERYSSLTKPSSLSETIEELLKEVE"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T03:00:10.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-27T15:01:19.000Z","name":"Glutaredoxin-2, mitochondrial","uniprot_id":"P17695","uniprot_name":"GLRX2_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"GRX2","num_residues":143,"molecular_weight":"15861.2998","theoretical_pi":"7.41","general_function":"Involved in electron carrier activity","specific_function":"Multifunctional enzyme with glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S- transferase (GST) activity. The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing cytosolic protein- and non-protein-disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. Required for resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directly reducing hydroperoxides and for the detoxification of ROS-mediated damage","reactions":[{"id":1584,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Cytoplasm. Mitochondrion.","genbank_gene_id":"AY692896","genbank_protein_id":"51013243","gene_card_id":"GRX2","chromosome_location":"chromosome 4","locus":"YDR513W","synonyms":["Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase 2","Thioltransferase"],"enzyme_classes":[],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" electron carrier activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors"},{"category":"Function","description":" disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular homeostasis"},{"category":"Process","description":" cell redox homeostasis"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Glutaredoxin","identifier":"PF00462"}],"pathways":[],"gene_sequence":"ATGGAGACCAATTTTTCCTTCGACTCGAATTTAATTGTTATTATCATTATCACGTTGTTTGCCACAAGAATTATTGCTAAAAGATTTTTATCTACTCCAAAAATGGTATCCCAGGAAACAGTTGCTCACGTAAAGGATCTGATTGGCCAAAAGGAAGTGTTTGTTGCAGCAAAGACATACTGCCCTTACTGTAAAGCTACTTTGTCTACCCTCTTCCAAGAATTGAACGTTCCCAAATCCAAGGCCCTTGTGTTGGAATTAGATGAAATGAGCAATGGCTCAGAGATTCAAGACGCTTTAGAAGAAATCTCGGGCCAAAAAACTGTACCTAACGTATACATCAATGGCAAGCACATTGGTGGTAACAGCGATTTGGAAACTTTGAAGAAAAATGGCAAGTTAGCTGAAATATTGAAGCCGGTATTTCAATAG","protein_sequence":"METNFSFDSNLIVIIIITLFATRIIAKRFLSTPKMVSQETVAHVKDLIGQKEVFVAAKTYCPYCKATLSTLFQELNVPKSKALVLELDEMSNGSEIQDALEEISGQKTVPNVYINGKHIGGNSDLETLKKNGKLAEILKPVFQ"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T03:02:29.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-27T15:01:19.000Z","name":"Monothiol glutaredoxin-4","uniprot_id":"P32642","uniprot_name":"GLRX4_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"GRX4","num_residues":244,"molecular_weight":"27492.59961","theoretical_pi":"4.29","general_function":"Involved in electron carrier activity","specific_function":"Monothiol glutaredoxin involved in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters. Binds one iron-sulfur cluster per dimer. The iron-sulfur cluster is bound between subunits, and is complexed by a bound glutathione and a cysteine residue from each subunit (Probable)","reactions":[],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":null,"genbank_gene_id":"U18922","genbank_protein_id":"603415","gene_card_id":"GRX4","chromosome_location":"chromosome 5","locus":"YER174C","synonyms":[],"enzyme_classes":[],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" electron carrier activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors"},{"category":"Function","description":" disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular homeostasis"},{"category":"Process","description":" cell redox homeostasis"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Glutaredoxin","identifier":"PF00462"},{"name":"Thioredoxin","identifier":"PF00085"}],"pathways":[],"gene_sequence":"ATGACTGTGGTTGAAATAAAAAGCCAGGACCAATTTACGCAACTAACCACTACAAACGCTGCTAATAAACTCATTGTCTTATATTTTAAAGCTCAATGGGCTGATCCTTGCAAAACTATGAGCCAGGTGCTAGAAGCTGTTAGTGAAAAAGTTAGGCAAGAGGATGTCCGGTTTTTATCAATAGATGCAGACGAACATCCAGAAATATCAGACCTTTTTGAGATTGCAGCCGTACCATACTTCGTCTTCATTCAAAATGGTACTATTGTAAAAGAAATATCAGCCGCAGATCCTAAGGAGTTTGTGAAAAGCTTAGAAATTCTTTCGAATGCTTCTGCCTCACTAGCGAACAATGCCAAGGGTCCTAAATCTACGTCTGATGAGGAAAGCAGCGGGTCTTCCGATGATGAAGAGGACGAAACTGAAGAAGAAATAAATGCTAGGCTGGTGAAGCTAGTACAAGCTGCACCTGTGATGCTATTCATGAAAGGAAGCCCATCAGAACCTAAATGCGGATTTTCTAGACAGTTAGTTGGTATCCTCAGAGAACACCAAATAAGGTTCGGATTTTTTGATATATTAAGAGACGAAAACGTTAGACAAAGCTTGAAGAAGTTTTCTGATTGGCCTACTTTTCCTCAGTTATATATCAATGGGGAGTTCCAGGGAGGTTTGGATATTATCAAGGAATCTATAGAAGAAGATCCTGAATATTTCCAACATGCTCTACAGTAA","protein_sequence":"MTVVEIKSQDQFTQLTTTNAANKLIVLYFKAQWADPCKTMSQVLEAVSEKVRQEDVRFLSIDADEHPEISDLFEIAAVPYFVFIQNGTIVKEISAADPKEFVKSLEILSNASASLANNAKGPKSTSDEESSGSSDDEEDETEEEINARLVKLVQAAPVMLFMKGSPSEPKCGFSRQLVGILREHQIRFGFFDILRDENVRQSLKKFSDWPTFPQLYINGEFQGGLDIIKESIEEDPEYFQHALQ"},{"created_at":"2011-05-27T03:05:54.000Z","updated_at":"2011-05-27T15:01:19.000Z","name":"Glutaredoxin-1","uniprot_id":"P25373","uniprot_name":"GLRX1_YEAST","enzyme":true,"transporter":false,"gene_name":"GRX1","num_residues":110,"molecular_weight":"12380.09961","theoretical_pi":"4.72","general_function":"Involved in electron carrier activity","specific_function":"Multifunctional enzyme with glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S- transferase (GST) activity. The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing cytosolic protein- and non-protein-disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. Required for resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directly reducing hydroperoxides and for the detoxification of ROS-mediated damage","reactions":[{"id":1584,"direction":"\u003c\u003e","locations":"mitochondrion;cytoplasm","altext":null,"export":true,"pw_reaction_id":null,"source":null}],"signal_regions":"None","transmembrane_regions":"None","pdb_id":null,"cellular_location":"Cytoplasm","genbank_gene_id":"X59720","genbank_protein_id":"5328","gene_card_id":"GRX1","chromosome_location":"chromosome 3","locus":"YCL035C","synonyms":["Glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase 1"],"enzyme_classes":[],"go_classes":[{"category":"Component","description":" Not Available"},{"category":"Function","description":" catalytic activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" electron carrier activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors"},{"category":"Function","description":" disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Function","description":" protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular process"},{"category":"Process","description":" cellular homeostasis"},{"category":"Process","description":" cell redox homeostasis"}],"pfams":[{"name":"Glutaredoxin","identifier":"PF00462"}],"pathways":[],"gene_sequence":"ATGGTATCTCAAGAAACTATCAAGCACGTCAAGGACCTTATTGCAGAAAACGAGATCTTCGTCGCATCCAAAACGTACTGTCCATACTGCCATGCAGCCCTAAACACGCTTTTTGAAAAGTTAAAGGTTCCCAGGTCCAAAGTTCTGGTTTTGCAATTGAATGACATGAAGGAAGGCGCAGACATTCAGGCTGCGTTATATGAGATTAATGGCCAAAGAACCGTGCCAAACATCTATATTAATGGTAAACATATTGGAGGCAACGACGACTTGCAGGAATTGAGGGAGACTGGTGAATTGGAGGAATTGTTAGAACCTATTCTTGCAAATTAA","protein_sequence":"MVSQETIKHVKDLIAENEIFVASKTYCPYCHAALNTLFEKLKVPRSKVLVLQLNDMKEGADIQAALYEINGQRTVPNIYINGKHIGGNDDLQELRETGELEELLEPILAN"}]}