L-Glutamic acid (YMDB00271)

Identification

YMDB ID:

YMDB00271

Name:

L-Glutamic acid

Species:

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Strain:

Baker's yeast

Description:

Glutamate (abbreviated as Glu or E) is an alpha-amino acid. The L-isomer is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. It is classified as a polar, acidic (pKa = 4.3) amino acid with a side chain carboxylic acid. Glutamic acid and alpha-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, are interconvertible by transamination. Glutamic acid can therefore enter the Krebs cycle for energy metabolism, and be converted by the enzyme glutamine synthetase into glutamine, which is one of the key players in nitrogen metabolism. Note also that glutamic acid is easily converted into proline. First, the γ carboxyl group is reduced to the aldehyde, yielding glutamate semialdehyde. The aldehyde then reacts with the alpha-amino group, eliminating water as it forms the Schiff base. In a second reduction step, the Schiff base is reduced, yielding proline. Yeast cells contain 3 pathways for the synthesis of glutamate. Two pathways are mediated by two isoforms of glutamate dehydrogenase, encoded by GDH1 and GDH3. The third pathway is driven by the combined activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase, encoded by GLN1 and GLT1, respectively. Studies of GDH1 and GDH3 regulation indicate that the cell uses these isoforms under different growth conditions. Expression of GDH3 is induced by ethanol and repressed by glucose, whereas GDH1 expression is high in either carbon source. Gdh1p uses alpha-ketoglutarate at a higher rate than Gdh3p. Thus, under fermentative growth conditions, Gdh1p drives glutamate biosynthesis, whereas in nonfermentable or limiting carbon sources, Gdh3p is the key isoform involved in balancing distribution of alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate biosynthesis and energy metabolism. Free glutamic acid is present in a wide variety of foods, including cheese and soy sauce, and is responsible for umami, one of the five basic tastes of the human sense of taste. Glutamic acid is often used as a food additive and flavour enhancer in the form of its sodium salt monosodium glutamate (MSG).

Structure:

Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI

Synonyms:

(2S)-2-Aminopentanedioate
(2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
(2S)-2-ammoniopentanedioate
(S)-(+)-Glutamate
(S)-(+)-Glutamic acid
(S)-2-Aminopentanedioate
(S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
(S)-Glutamate
(S)-Glutamic acid
1-amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylate
1-amino-propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylate
1-Aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid
2-Aminoglutarate
2-Aminoglutaric acid
2-Aminopentanedioate
2-Aminopentanedioic acid
a-Aminoglutarate
a-Aminoglutaric acid
a-Glutamate
a-Glutamic acid
Aciglut
alpha-Aminoglutarate
alpha-Aminoglutaric acid
alpha-Glutamate
alpha-Glutamic acid
aminoglutarate
aminoglutaric acid
glt
glu
Glusate
glut
Glutacid
Glutamicol
Glutamidex
Glutaminate
Glutaminic acid
Glutaminol
Glutaton
L-(+)-Glutamate
L-(+)-Glutamic acid
L-a-Aminoglutarate
L-a-Aminoglutaric acid
L-alpha-Aminoglutarate
L-alpha-Aminoglutaric acid
L-glu
L-Glutamate
L-glutamate(1-)
L-glutamic acid monoanion
L-glutamic acid, ion(1-)
L-Glutaminate
L-Glutaminic acid

Chemical Formula:

C₅H₉NO₄

Weight:

Average: 147.1293
Monoisotopic: 147.053157781

InChI Key:

InChIKey=WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N

InChI:

InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1

Plain Text

CAS number:

56-86-0

IUPAC Name:

(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid

Traditional IUPAC Name:

L-glutamic acid

SMILES:

[H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@]([H])(N([H])[H])C(=O)O[H]

Plain Text

Chemical Taxonomy

Kingdom:

Organic Compounds

Super Class:

Amino Acids and Polypeptides

Class:

Amino Acids

Sub Class:

Alpha Amino Acids

Other Descriptors:

Organic Oxonium Compounds
Short-chain Fatty Acids

Substituents:

glutaric_acid
carboxylic acid
primary aliphatic amine (alkylamine)

Physical Properties

State:

Solid

Charge:

Melting point:

224 °C

Experimental Properties:

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility:	8.57 mg/mL at 25 oC [BULL,HB et al. (1978)]	PhysProp
LogP:	-3.69 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)]	PhysProp

Predicted Properties:

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility:	8.06e+01 g/l	ALOGPS
LogP:	-3.54	ALOGPS
LogP:	-3.241447075983049	ChemAxon Molconvert
LogS:	-0.26	ALOGPS
pKa:	4.3	ChemAxon Molconvert
Hydrogen Acceptor Count:	5	ChemAxon Molconvert
Hydrogen Donor Count:	3	ChemAxon Molconvert
Polar Surface Area:	100.62 A²	ChemAxon Molconvert
Rotatable Bond Count:	4	ChemAxon Molconvert
Refractivity:	31.3	ChemAxon Molconvert
Polarizability:	13.5	ChemAxon Molconvert

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations:

extracellular
mitochondrion
nucleus
peroxisome
vacuole
cytoplasm

Pathways:

Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism 00430
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism 00250
Arginine and proline metabolism 00330
Glutathione metabolism 00480
Histidine metabolism 00340
Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism 00860
Butanoate metabolism 00650
Nitrogen metabolism 00910

Concentrations

Intracellular Concentration	Substrate	Growth Conditions	Citation
36180 ± 724 µM	YPD media	aerobic	PMID: 7654310
45939 ± 919 µM	YPG media	aerobic	PMID: 7654310
12199 ± 244 µM	SD media	aerobic	PMID: 7654310
30812 ± 616 µM	SG media	aerobic	PMID: 7654310
21053 ± 421 µM	M (molasses)	aerobic	PMID: 7654310
47473 ± 949 µM	MA (molasses)	aerobic	PMID: 7654310
14848 ± 297 µM	MB (molasses)	aerobic	PMID: 7654310
56326 ± 1126 µM	MAB (molasses)	aerobic	PMID: 7654310
81470 ± 7495 µM	Synthetic medium with 20 g/L glucose	aerobic	PMID: 12584756
42500 ± 7500 µM	Minimal medium supplemented with glucose	aerobic;resting cells	PMID: 4578278
37500 ± 12500 µM	Minimal medium supplemented with ammonium and glucose	aerobic;growing cells	PMID: 4578278

Extracellular Concentration	Substrate	Growth Conditions	Citation
3194 ± 0 µM	hops, malted barley	anaerobic	Alcoholic beverage, beer, regular, all - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2010. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 23. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page

Details describing the conversion of literature concentrations can be found here.

Spectra

Experimental Low Energy QqQ MS/MS Spectrum	view
Experimental Medium Energy QqQ MS/MS Spectrum	view
Experimental High Energy QqQ MS/MS Spectrum	view
Experimental 13C NMR Spectrum	view
Experimental 13C HSQC Spectrum	view
Experimental 1H NMR Spectrum	view
Experimental 2D TOCSY Spectrum	view
Experimental LC-ESI-ITFT MS/MS Spectrum	view
Experimental LC-ESI-QQ CE:10 V MS/MS Spectrum	view
Experimental LC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS Spectrum	view
Experimental LC-ESI-QQ CE:20 V MS/MS Spectrum	view
Experimental GC-EI-TOF MS/MS Spectrum	view

References

References:

Martinez-Force, E., Benitez, T. (1995). "Effects of varying media, temperature, and growth rates on the intracellular concentrations of yeast amino acids." Biotechnol Prog 11:386-392. Pubmed: 7654310
UniProt Consortium (2011). "Ongoing and future developments at the Universal Protein Resource." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D214-D219. Pubmed: 21051339
Scheer, M., Grote, A., Chang, A., Schomburg, I., Munaretto, C., Rother, M., Sohngen, C., Stelzer, M., Thiele, J., Schomburg, D. (2011). "BRENDA, the enzyme information system in 2011." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D670-D676. Pubmed: 21062828
Herrgard, M. J., Swainston, N., Dobson, P., Dunn, W. B., Arga, K. Y., Arvas, M., Bluthgen, N., Borger, S., Costenoble, R., Heinemann, M., Hucka, M., Le Novere, N., Li, P., Liebermeister, W., Mo, M. L., Oliveira, A. P., Petranovic, D., Pettifer, S., Simeonidis, E., Smallbone, K., Spasic, I., Weichart, D., Brent, R., Broomhead, D. S., Westerhoff, H. V., Kirdar, B., Penttila, M., Klipp, E., Palsson, B. O., Sauer, U., Oliver, S. G., Mendes, P., Nielsen, J., Kell, D. B. (2008). "A consensus yeast metabolic network reconstruction obtained from a community approach to systems biology." Nat Biotechnol 26:1155-1160. Pubmed: 18846089
Arevalo-Rodriguez, M., Calderon, I. L., Holmberg, S. (1999). "Mutations that cause threonine sensitivity identify catalytic and regulatory regions of the aspartate kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Yeast 15:1331-1345. Pubmed: 10509015
Vuralhan, Z., Morais, M. A., Tai, S. L., Piper, M. D., Pronk, J. T. (2003). "Identification and characterization of phenylpyruvate decarboxylase genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Appl Environ Microbiol 69:4534-4541. Pubmed: 12902239
Takada, Y., Noguchi, T. (1985). "Characteristics of alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a regulatory enzyme in the glyoxylate pathway of glycine and serine biosynthesis from tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates." Biochem J 231:157-163. Pubmed: 3933486
Alcoholic beverage, beer, regular, all - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2010. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 23. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page
Hans, M. A., Heinzle, E., Wittmann, C. (2003). "Free intracellular amino acid pools during autonomous oscillations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Biotechnol Bioeng 82:143-151. Pubmed: 12584756
Dickinson, J. R., Lanterman, M. M., Danner, D. J., Pearson, B. M., Sanz, P., Harrison, S. J., Hewlins, M. J. (1997). "A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the metabolism of leucine to isoamyl alcohol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." J Biol Chem 272:26871-26878. Pubmed: 9341119
Cavero, S., Vozza, A., del Arco, A., Palmieri, L., Villa, A., Blanco, E., Runswick, M. J., Walker, J. E., Cerdan, S., Palmieri, F., Satrustegui, J. (2003). "Identification and metabolic role of the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Mol Microbiol 50:1257-1269. Pubmed: 14622413
Crombie, T., Boyle, J. P., Coggins, J. R., Brown, A. J. (1994). "The folding of the bifunctional TRP3 protein in yeast is influenced by a translational pause which lies in a region of structural divergence with Escherichia coli indoleglycerol-phosphate synthase." Eur J Biochem 226:657-664. Pubmed: 8001582
Moreira dos Santos, M., Thygesen, G., Kotter, P., Olsson, L., Nielsen, J. (2003). "Aerobic physiology of redox-engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains modified in the ammonium assimilation for increased NADPH availability." FEMS Yeast Res 4:59-68. Pubmed: 14554197
Watzele, G., Tanner, W. (1989). "Cloning of the glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase gene from yeast. Pheromonal regulation of its transcription." J Biol Chem 264:8753-8758. Pubmed: 2656689
Verleur, N., Elgersma, Y., Van Roermund, C. W., Tabak, H. F., Wanders, R. J. (1997). "Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase encoded by the AAT2 gene is targeted to the peroxisomes in oleate-grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Eur J Biochem 247:972-980. Pubmed: 9288922
Belhumeur, P., Fortin, N., Clark, M. W. (1994). "A gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae which codes for a protein with significant homology to the bacterial 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase." Yeast 10:385-389. Pubmed: 8017107
ter Schure, E. G., Sillje, H. H., Vermeulen, E. E., Kalhorn, J. W., Verkleij, A. J., Boonstra, J., Verrips, C. T. (1998). "Repression of nitrogen catabolic genes by ammonia and glutamine in nitrogen-limited continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Microbiology 144 ( Pt 5):1451-1462. Pubmed: 9611819
Kispal, G., Steiner, H., Court, D. A., Rolinski, B., Lill, R. (1996). "Mitochondrial and cytosolic branched-chain amino acid transaminases from yeast, homologs of the myc oncogene-regulated Eca39 protein." J Biol Chem 271:24458-24464. Pubmed: 8798704
Bayly, A. M., Berglez, J. M., Patel, O., Castelli, L. A., Hankins, E. G., Coloe, P., Hopkins Sibley, C., Macreadie, I. G. (2001). "Folic acid utilisation related to sulfa drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." FEMS Microbiol Lett 204:387-390. Pubmed: 11731153
Ramos, F., Dubois, E., Pierard, A. (1988). "Control of enzyme synthesis in the lysine biosynthetic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Evidence for a regulatory role of gene LYS14." Eur J Biochem 171:171-176. Pubmed: 3123231
Nookaew, I., Jewett, M. C., Meechai, A., Thammarongtham, C., Laoteng, K., Cheevadhanarak, S., Nielsen, J., Bhumiratana, S. (2008). "The genome-scale metabolic model iIN800 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its validation: a scaffold to query lipid metabolism." BMC Syst Biol 2:71. Pubmed: 18687109
Cherest, H., Thomas, D., Surdin-Kerjan, Y. (2000). "Polyglutamylation of folate coenzymes is necessary for methionine biosynthesis and maintenance of intact mitochondrial genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." J Biol Chem 275:14056-14063. Pubmed: 10799479
Dickinson, J. R., Harrison, S. J., Hewlins, M. J. (1998). "An investigation of the metabolism of valine to isobutyl alcohol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." J Biol Chem 273:25751-25756. Pubmed: 9748245
Tzagoloff, A., Shtanko, A. (1995). "Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isoleucyl-, glutamyl- and arginyl-tRNA synthetases of yeast are encoded by separate genes." Eur J Biochem 230:582-586. Pubmed: 7607232
Iraqui, I., Vissers, S., Cartiaux, M., Urrestarazu, A. (1998). "Characterisation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARO8 and ARO9 genes encoding aromatic aminotransferases I and II reveals a new aminotransferase subfamily." Mol Gen Genet 257:238-248. Pubmed: 9491083
Valenzuela, L., Ballario, P., Aranda, C., Filetici, P., Gonzalez, A. (1998). "Regulation of expression of GLT1, the gene encoding glutamate synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." J Bacteriol 180:3533-3540. Pubmed: 9657994
Brandriss, M. C., Magasanik, B. (1979). "Genetics and physiology of proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: enzyme induction by proline." J Bacteriol 140:498-503. Pubmed: 387737
Coleman, S. T., Fang, T. K., Rovinsky, S. A., Turano, F. J., Moye-Rowley, W. S. (2001). "Expression of a glutamate decarboxylase homologue is required for normal oxidative stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." J Biol Chem 276:244-250. Pubmed: 11031268
Gancedo, J. M., Gancedo, C. (1973). "Concentrations of intermediary metabolites in yeast." Biochimie 55:205-211. Pubmed: 4578278
Castrillo, J. I., Zeef, L. A., Hoyle, D. C., Zhang, N., Hayes, A., Gardner, D. C., Cornell, M. J., Petty, J., Hakes, L., Wardleworth, L., Rash, B., Brown, M., Dunn, W. B., Broadhurst, D., O'Donoghue, K., Hester, S. S., Dunkley, T. P., Hart, S. R., Swainston, N., Li, P., Gaskell, S. J., Paton, N. W., Lilley, K. S., Kell, D. B., Oliver, S. G. (2007). "Growth control of the eukaryote cell: a systems biology study in yeast." J Biol 6:4. Pubmed: 17439666

Synthesis Reference:

Horner, L.; Gross, A. Tertiary phosphines. IV. Use of phosphine imines in causing the introduction of primary amino groups. Ann. (1955), 591 117-34.

External Links:

Resource	Link
CHEBI ID:	16015
HMDB ID:	HMDB00148
Pubchem Compound ID:	33032
Kegg ID:	C00025
ChemSpider ID:	30572
Wikipedia:	Glutamic_acid
BioCyc ID:	GLT

Enzymes

Name:	Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase
Reactions:	ATP + N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + H(2)O = ADP + phosphate + 2-(formamido)-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	ADE6
Uniprot ID:	P38972
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Putative glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing]
Reactions:	L-glutamine + D-fructose 6-phosphate = L-glutamate + D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
Gene Name:
Uniprot ID:	A2P2R3
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Anthranilate synthase component 2
Reactions:	Chorismate + L-glutamine = anthranilate + pyruvate + L-glutamate. 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate = 1-C-(3-indolyl)-glycerol 3-phosphate + CO(2) + H(2)O.
Gene Name:	TRP3
Uniprot ID:	P00937
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing]
Reactions:	L-glutamine + D-fructose 6-phosphate = L-glutamate + D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
Gene Name:	GFA1
Uniprot ID:	P14742
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase arginine-specific small chain
Reactions:	2 ATP + L-glutamine + HCO(3)(-) + H(2)O = 2 ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate + carbamoyl phosphate.
Gene Name:	CPA1
Uniprot ID:	P07258
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase hisHF
Reactions:	5-[(5-phospho-1-deoxyribulos-1-ylamino)methylideneamino]-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + L-glutamine = imidazole-glycerol phosphate + 5-aminoimidazol-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide + L-glutamate + H(2)O.
Gene Name:	HIS7
Uniprot ID:	P33734
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Protein URA1
Reactions:	2 ATP + L-glutamine + HCO(3)(-) + H(2)O = 2 ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate + carbamoyl phosphate. Carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = phosphate + N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate.
Gene Name:	URA2
Uniprot ID:	P07259
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit A, mitochondrial
Reactions:	ATP + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) + L-glutamine = ADP + phosphate + L-glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln) + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	HER2
Uniprot ID:	Q03557
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase arginine-specific large chain
Reactions:	2 ATP + L-glutamine + HCO(3)(-) + H(2)O = 2 ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate + carbamoyl phosphate.
Gene Name:	CPA2
Uniprot ID:	P03965
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	CTP synthase 1
Reactions:	ATP + UTP + NH(3) = ADP + phosphate + CTP.
Gene Name:	URA7
Uniprot ID:	P28274
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamine synthetase
Reactions:	ATP + L-glutamate + NH(3) = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine.
Gene Name:	GLN1
Uniprot ID:	P32288
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial
Reactions:	ATP + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) + L-glutamine = ADP + phosphate + L-glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln) + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	PET112
Uniprot ID:	P33893
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Anthranilate synthase component 1
Reactions:	Chorismate + L-glutamine = anthranilate + pyruvate + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	TRP2
Uniprot ID:	P00899
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
Reactions:	ATP + xanthosine 5'-phosphate + L-glutamine + H(2)O = AMP + diphosphate + GMP + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	GUA1
Uniprot ID:	P38625
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] 1
Reactions:	ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H(2)O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	ASN1
Uniprot ID:	P49089
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamate synthase [NADH]
Reactions:	2 L-glutamate + NAD(+) = L-glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate + NADH.
Gene Name:	GLT1
Uniprot ID:	Q12680
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] 2
Reactions:	ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H(2)O = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	ASN2
Uniprot ID:	P49090
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
Reactions:	5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + diphosphate + L-glutamate = L-glutamine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + H(2)O.
Gene Name:	ADE4
Uniprot ID:	P04046
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	CTP synthase 2
Reactions:	ATP + UTP + NH(3) = ADP + phosphate + CTP.
Gene Name:	URA8
Uniprot ID:	P38627
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Aminodeoxychorismate synthase
Reactions:	Chorismate + L-glutamine = 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	ABZ1
Uniprot ID:	P37254
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase
Reactions:	ATP + deamido-NAD(+) + L-glutamine + H(2)O = AMP + diphosphate + NAD(+) + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	QNS1
Uniprot ID:	P38795
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit F, mitochondrial
Reactions:	ATP + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) + L-glutamine = ADP + phosphate + L-glutaminyl-tRNA(Gln) + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:
Uniprot ID:	P53260
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Probable kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase BNA3
Reactions:	L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	BNA3
Uniprot ID:	P47039
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Saccharopine dehydrogenase [NADP+, L-glutamate-forming]
Reactions:	N(6)-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine + NADP(+) + H(2)O = L-glutamate + L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + NADPH.
Gene Name:	LYS9
Uniprot ID:	P38999
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Acetylornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Reactions:	N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	ARG8
Uniprot ID:	P18544
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Arginine biosynthesis bifunctional protein ArgJ, mitochondrial
Reactions:	N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine + L-glutamate = L-ornithine + N-acetyl-L-glutamate. Acetyl-CoA + L-glutamate = CoA + N-acetyl-L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	ARG7
Uniprot ID:	Q04728
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic
Reactions:	L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate. 2-oxoglutaric acid + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid. 2-oxoglutaric acid + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.
Gene Name:	BAT2
Uniprot ID:	P47176
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Reactions:	L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate. 2-oxoglutaric acid + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid. 2-oxoglutaric acid + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.
Gene Name:	BAT1
Uniprot ID:	P38891
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Amino-acid acetyltransferase, mitochondrial
Reactions:	Acetyl-CoA + L-glutamate = CoA + N-acetyl-L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	ARG2
Uniprot ID:	P40360
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamate--cysteine ligase
Reactions:	ATP + L-glutamate + L-cysteine = ADP + phosphate + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine.
Gene Name:	GSH1
Uniprot ID:	P32477
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase
Reactions:	L-histidinol phosphate + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	HIS5
Uniprot ID:	P07172
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Phosphoserine aminotransferase
Reactions:	O-phospho-L-serine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-phosphonooxypyruvate + L-glutamate. 4-phosphonooxy-L-threonine + 2-oxoglutarate = (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	SER1
Uniprot ID:	P33330
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Folylpolyglutamate synthase 1
Reactions:	ATP + tetrahydropteroyl-(gamma-Glu)(n) + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + tetrahydropteroyl-(gamma-Glu)(n+1).
Gene Name:	FOL3
Uniprot ID:	Q12676
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase
Reactions:	L-glutamate + H(2)O + NAD(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + NH(3) + NADH.
Gene Name:	GDH2
Uniprot ID:	P33327
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase 2
Reactions:	L-glutamate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + NH(3) + NADPH.
Gene Name:	GDH3
Uniprot ID:	P39708
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase 1
Reactions:	L-glutamate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 2-oxoglutarate + NH(3) + NADPH.
Gene Name:	GDH1
Uniprot ID:	P07262
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial
Reactions:	ATP + L-glutamate + tRNA(Glu) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).
Gene Name:	MSE1
Uniprot ID:	P48525
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Uncharacterized protein YKL215C
Reactions:	ATP + 5-oxo-L-proline + 2 H(2)O = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:
Uniprot ID:	P28273
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamate 5-kinase
Reactions:	ATP + L-glutamate = ADP + L-glutamate 5-phosphate.
Gene Name:	PRO1
Uniprot ID:	P32264
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Probable folylpolyglutamate synthase
Reactions:	ATP + tetrahydropteroyl-(gamma-Glu)(n) + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + tetrahydropteroyl-(gamma-Glu)(n+1).
Gene Name:	RMA1
Uniprot ID:	P36001
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase 2
Reactions:	An aromatic amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = an aromatic oxo acid + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	ARO9
Uniprot ID:	P38840
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase 1
Reactions:	An aromatic amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = an aromatic oxo acid + L-glutamate. L-2-aminoadipate + 2-oxoglutarate = 2-oxoadipate + L-glutamate
Gene Name:	ARO8
Uniprot ID:	P53090
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
Reactions:	(S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NAD(P)(+) + 2 H(2)O = L-glutamate + NAD(P)H.
Gene Name:	PUT2
Uniprot ID:	P07275
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Reactions:	L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	AAT1
Uniprot ID:	Q01802
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic
Reactions:	L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	AAT2
Uniprot ID:	P23542
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Probable alanine aminotransferase
Reactions:	L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	ALT2
Uniprot ID:	P52892
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase
Reactions:	4-aminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	UGA1
Uniprot ID:	P17649
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Probable alanine aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Reactions:	L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate.
Gene Name:	ALT1
Uniprot ID:	P52893
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Gamma-glutamyltransferase
Reactions:	(5-L-glutamyl)-peptide + an amino acid = peptide + 5-L-glutamyl amino acid.
Gene Name:	ECM38
Uniprot ID:	Q05902
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamate decarboxylase
Reactions:	L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO(2).
Gene Name:	GAD1
Uniprot ID:	Q04792
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Ornithine aminotransferase
Reactions:	L-ornithine + a 2-oxo acid = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + an L-amino acid.
Gene Name:	CAR2
Uniprot ID:	P07991
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Folylpolyglutamate synthase
Reactions:	ATP + tetrahydropteroyl-(gamma-Glu)(n) + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + tetrahydropteroyl-(gamma-Glu)(n+1).
Gene Name:	MET7
Uniprot ID:	Q08645
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic
Reactions:	ATP + L-glutamate + tRNA(Glu) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).
Gene Name:	GUS1
Uniprot ID:	P46655
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Transporters

Name:	General amino-acid permease GAP1
Function:	Permease for various amino acids as well as for GABA. Can also transport L-cysteine and beta-alanine
Gene Name:	GAP1
Uniprot ID:	P19145
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Dicarboxylic amino acid permease
Function:	Can transport glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, asparagine, serine, alanine and glycine
Gene Name:	DIP5
Uniprot ID:	P53388
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	General amino acid permease AGP1
Function:	Broad substrate range permease which transports asparagine and glutamine with intermediate specificity. Also transports Ala, Cys, Gly, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Ser, Thr, Tyr and Val. Important for the utilization of amino acids as a nitrogen source
Gene Name:	AGP1
Uniprot ID:	P25376
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	General amino acid permease AGP3
Function:	General amino acid permease with broad substrate specificity
Gene Name:	AGP3
Uniprot ID:	P43548
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter AGC1
Function:	Calcium-dependent mitochondrial aspartate and glutamate carrier. Transport of glutamate in mitochondria is required for mitochondrial transamination reactions and ornithine synthesis. Plays also a role in malate-aspartate NADH shuttle, which is critical for growth on acetate and fatty acids
Gene Name:	AGC1
Uniprot ID:	Q12482
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA

Name:	Vacuolar amino acid transporter 6
Function:	Involved in amino acid efflux from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. Capable of transporting aspartate and glutamate. Requires ATP for function
Gene Name:	AVT6
Uniprot ID:	P40074
Protein Sequence:	FASTA
Gene Sequence:	FASTA